Chapter

32
Nina Boggan, Rosie
Daly, Miniya Jefferson,
Abhin Kurella, and
Calvin McGlade
Essential Question #1:
What was the impact of
colonialism in Africa and what
were the forms of resistance?
 Britain, France, Belgium, and South Africa
divided Germany’s African colonies amongst
themselves.

Africa was the last continent to
come under european rule. Few
europeans lived in Africa however,
even with a small presence, they
caused deep social and economic
changes
Background info
Colonialism- the policy or practice
of acquiring full or partial control
over another country, occupying it
with settlers and exploiting it
economically

3
Positive Impacts
● Africans were able to ● Africans were able to ● Women were able to
build and create benefit from the play a role in retail trade
transportation systems economic “boom” and in which they sold pots
such as railroads from profited from selling pans, toys, hardware,
coastal cities to mines some agriculture such cloth, and food.
and plantations as cocoa, palm oil, and
coffee.
● Colonialism helped to ● Africans were able to
introduce religion work
○ Christianity ○ In mines
○ Islam ○ Fields
○ markets

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 Negative Impacts
● Africans often worked ● Africans were forced by ● Colonialism worsened
under european-owned Europeans to work in public health
mines and plantations extremely harsh
under compulsion to conditions and for little
help economic growth to no pay at all

● Populations were
undernourished and
vulnerable to diseases

● There were patterns of

racial segregation and
discrimination

5
Diamond Mining in southern Africa
During colonization, Africans worked in mines, mining
for diamonds. The development of mines also led to the
uprooting of Africans from their rural homesteads and
to mining towns. When they had discovered diamonds
in 1867, they attracted many prospectors in the area
around kimberley. There was so much work going on to
extract these precious minerals from the Earth, that
they had exhausted the ability to extract them without
machinery. Often, mines were surrounded by heavy
equipment. As you can imagine, their were most likely a
variety of safety hazards and injuries that could have
possibly happened in a mine, especially during that
time. It has been said that the African workers had to
be stripped naked and searched before leaving the
mine to make sure that they did not have any of the
diamonds
The rise of racism and discrimination and difference in liberal ideas
resulted in the rise of Educated and influence of Pan-African
nationalists such as W.E.B.Du Bois and Marcus Garvey as well as
Western ideals of liberty and nationalism generated the beginnings
of political movements in African colonies.

Educated
Vestibulum World War
Vestibulum II
congue
Africans congue happened Haile Selassie
founded the and although took his
African it brought troops and
Nationalist hardship, it took back his
Congress gave Africans throne
(1909) hope

7
 ESSENTIAL QUESTION #2
What was the impact of British rule in India and
what were the challenges to successful Indian
resistance?
 Impact of British Rule: Good and Bad
(POSITIVE) (NEUTRAL) (NEGATIVE)

● Increasing trade and ● Women's rights ● Racist and

travel
(got rid of sati) discriminatory
● Western-economic
● Discouraged cotton
development:
railroads, harbors, and steel and other
cities, mills, irrigation industrialized
● $$$ affected industries that
education which competed with
increased political Britain
efficacy
● Indian civil service
(super efficient)
● Droughts were LAND AND
frequent
● In 1896-1900 2 million PEOPLE
people died of
starvation
● Peasants badly Property owners
affected
(no land for them) moneylenders

peasants
Changes to Bengal region and impact on Hindu and Muslims

1905 1911
Bengal was divided Capital moved from Calcutta
into two provinces to Delhi (on the advice of
(sparked boycotts Viceroy Hardinge) where the
and violence) Mughal Empire’s capital was
Hindu Bengalis felt located
threatened (caused political movements
Muslims liked it for both Hindu and Muslim
Indians)
 Support for Britain and the Tragedy at
Amritsar
During WWI majority of In 1917 the British gave 1918 and 1919
India supported Britain, 1.2 an empty promise of self influenza broke out
million men volunteered for government, which across the world but
the army. (thought it would sparked tensions hit India hard
pay off politically) between Britain and Approx 5 million
India killed

April 13, 1919

In Amritsar British General Dyer ordered troops to
fire into a peaceful crowd, killing at least 379 and
injuring 1200-caused riots and outrage, final straw
 Challenges to Indian Resistance

Fighting among Hindus

and Muslims, many Hindus
were converting to Islam
(Britain took advantage of
these tensions)
GANDHI
● Tried to shift political focus to the poor
● Advocated nonviolence and economic
independence
● Was imprisoned many times
● 1921-became leader of Indian National
Congress
● Had many ups and downs, called off
the movement many times
● 1934-officially retired from political
leadership positions but was still highly
influential and led many strikes and
fasts
● 1948-shot and killed
British Concessions and Indian Independence
Indian National Congress and Muslim The Viceroy declared
League (popular political organizations of war without consulting a
each major religious group in India) gained single Indian official,
sparked outrage and
control of:
protests
● Education
● Economic policy But when WWII came
● Public works projects. along India still helped
(India immediately began industrializing and out Britain as much as
passing tariffs to protect Indian industry.) they did in WWI even
India won its independence in though they were not on
1947! good terms, but Britain
promised independence
(but it was divided in India and Pakistan)
after the war
Essential Question #3:
What were the difficulties that
post-independence India
faced?
What Were the Difficulties That
Post-Independence India Faced?
Religious Polarization: Indian
independence gave rise to a power
struggle between the Hindus and
Muslims in the country. The Hindus
were spearheaded by the Indian
National Congress and the Muslims by
the Muslim League. Without the
British to control religious tension,
there was a major outbreak of
religious violence after independence.
Post-independence India had to
reconcile this high religious tension.
Industrialization and Modernization of
the Economy: India experienced a
movement toward industrialization and
modernization as it began to receive
independence. Yet due to years of British
control over the economy, the country
was late to industrialization and
therefore had to catch up with other
industrialized powers. It also had to
overcome the depletion of resources
that occured during British rule.
 Religious Polarization
● Indian independence reignited the historical conflict between Hindus and Muslims
○ Coexisted for generations
● 1937- Indian National Congress refuses to share power with Muslim League after winning
provincial elections
○ Angers Muslim population
● 1940- Leader of Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah calls for separate state of Pakistan

18
 Religious Polarization-Continued
● Violent riots break out between Hindus and Muslims as independence approaches
● After independence in 1947, the “partition” set up secular India and Muslim Pakistan
○ India headed by Indian National Congress and Pakistan headed by Muslim League
● Independence marred by huge outbreak of religious violence
○ Muslims fled from Hindu areas and Hindus fled from Muslim Areas
○ Armed members of one faith killed members of other faith
○ 12 million people forcibly displaced from ancestral homes and 500,000 dead
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah Presidential Address to
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
“One can quite understand the feeling that exists between the two communities
wherever one community is in majority and the other is in minority. But the
question is, whether it was possible or practicable to act otherwise than what has
been done, A division had to take place. On both sides, in Hindustan and
Pakistan, there are sections of people who may not agree with it, who may not
like it, but in my judgement there was no other solution and I am sure future
history will record is verdict in favour of it. And what is more, it will be proved by
actual experience as we go on that was the only solution of India's constitutional
problem. Any idea of a united India could never have worked and in my
judgement it would have led us to terrific disaster. Maybe that view is correct;
maybe it is not; that remains to be seen. All the same, in this division it was
impossible to avoid the question of minorities being in one Dominion or the other.
Now that was unavoidable. There is no other solution.”
Industrialization and Modernization
of the Economy
● Indian industrialization impeded by British control of the economy
○ British depleted resources and restricted economy so that it would benefit them
● Historically relied on traditional industries like agriculture
● India begins steps towards industrialization before World War I, receives control over
economy in 1920s
○ Late to industrialization
○ Was not enough to help peasant and urban poor
 Essential Question #4

What evidence is there of progress in

Mexico during the Diaz years?
Setting the Scene: Mexico in 1910

● Experienced a lot ● Natives were

intervention and basically robbed of
foreign invasions all of their land by
● Huge divide American
between the rich companies and rich
and the poor Mexicans
● Was the Latin ● Top half the
American country country was not
most influenced by usable farming land
the Spanish during because it was so
three centuries of dry
colonial rule
The Diaz Years
● Portfirio Diaz ruled ● To Diaz, progress ● All though he was a
for 4 years under was importing “mestizo” himself,
the motto “Liberty. outside technology he was all for only
Order. Progress.” to exploit Mexico’s helping the rich
resources and labor white Mexicans
● This benefited a with his new
very small portion developments
of the population at ● Would rig elections
the time and bribe people
“Progress” Under Diaz

● Mexico City’s industrialization and development:

○ Paved streets
○ Streetcars
○ Lighting
○ Public parks
● Railroad lines
● Introducing European cuisine
● Diaz’s discriminatory methods eventually brought uprisings that
turned into a revolution
 Essential Question #5

What social and political changes did

various revolutionary leaders in
mexico advocate?
 The goal of the revolution was originally just to
overthrow Diaz, but it turned into a fight to reform the
foundations of Mexican society.
Emiliano Zapata

organized native farmers into

an army that razed buildings
of haciendas and returned the
surrounding land to natives in
the southern mountainous
region of mexico, Morelos
Francisco Villa

known to his supporters as

Pancho Villa, organized an
army of some 3,000 cowboys
and ranchers against
haciendas in the northern
region of Mexico, Chihuahua
Lazaro Cardenas

Chosen to be president of the

National Revolutionary Party
(renaming it the Mexican
Revolutionary Party),
implementing reforms in the
Constitution of 1917 (closing
church run schools,
nationalizing railroads)
 Essential Question #6

What are some of the reasons for the

frequent military takeovers in
Argentina and Brazil during the 20th
century?
 Contributing Factors
Economic Inequality Economic Collapse Lack of Industrialization

-Power struggles among - WWI shifts in - Military was primary

minority elite and were export/import sources owners and operators of
prone to personal and more so Great modern weapons and
conflicts and shifting Depression gave ample transports, any military
factionalism reason to stage a coup leader staging a coup
faced little resistance
-Always a base of poor - Economically crippled
majority dissatisfied government unable to - Foreign powers had
with government, thus crush rebellions little reason to involve
easy to grow rebellion themselves to protect
and little defending the investments so long as
status quo to stop they were not targeted
rebellion and still got exports
from new regime
 Capitalizing on the Great Depression, General Getulio Vargas staged a coup
and pronounced himself president in 1930. Despite 8 years of successful
Vargas Regime economic and social reform Vargas abolished the Brazilian constitution in
Of Brazil 1938 and built a fascist state around himself, the new supreme leader.
(1930-1945) Though economic progress is associated with Vargas, he continued the trend
of political violence and disregard for the rule of law in South American
politics for decades.

Reforms: Expanded suffrage, limited terms of president, promoted state

owned enterprises through import duties and funding for construction
projects, doubled industrial output in 6 years, supported formation of
labor unions, developed pension plans, funded disability insurance
 Though instigated by Argentinian military officers, Peron’s coup saw its
highest success when propelled by the support of the urban masses. After
Peron Regime a short period of militarism, Eva Duarte Peron shifted her husband’s
Of Argentina political image by campaigning for social reform and women’s rights.
(1943-1952) President Juan Peron continued to sponsor welfare and other benefits
until he was ousted by another coup. Like Vargas, Peron had positive
impacts on his nations economic and legal status, but ultimately
represents the repression of democracy in Argentina.

Reforms: Women’s rights, rights of children, funded rapid

industrialization, created vast social welfare projects, built up
military, campaigned for social reform for urban workers
Feature Slide- The Constitutionalists
● The Constitutionalists, or the Carrancistas, were a faction of the Mexican
Revolution mainly consisting of middle-class urbanites, liberals, and intellectuals
● Unlike the other two factions, Constitutionalists did not have an enigmatic leader
but they would play a huge role in Mexican politics for decades to come
● The power of the Constitutionalist faction came from their control of major cities
and the nation’s capital and industry as established early in the revolution
● Called for ejidos, or common lands, to be returned to villages and for large estates
to be divided up
● Demanded for a nationalization of all Mexican land and resources under foreign
control
● Primary cause was the creation of a constitution that created a “Mexico for
Mexicans.”
● The signing of the Mexican Constitution in 1917 began reign of the
Constitutionalists
● Though they eventually defeated populist rebellions in the north and south,
Constitutionalists adopted some of the most popular policy proposals from these
rivals for their new constitution, i.e. returning land to native Mexicans and taking
power away from haciendas (plantations)
KAHOOT!