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Introduction To Data Communication: Compiled by Yonas Bekele
Introduction To Data Communication: Compiled by Yonas Bekele
Introduction to Data
Communication
Compiled by Yonas Bekele
1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
1.2
Datacom Basics
Telecommunications
transmission of voice, video, data,
- imply longer distances
- broader term
Data Communications
movement of computer information
by means of electrical or optical
transmission systems
convergence
Broadband Communications
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system
1.4
A Communications Model
Source
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data
Simplified Communications
Model - Diagram
Simplified Data
Communications Model
Communications Tasks
Interfacing Routing
Flow control
Features of Communication
General Description
Data codes represent
characters
Rules for converting bits to
characters
ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode
UNICODE
16-bit code
Supports up to 65,536 characters
Used for languages such as Ethiopic,
Chinese, Japanese, Korean
Includes mathematical, geometric and other
symbols
Only used with OS that can display the
codes
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data Communications
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
1.14
1-2 NETWORKS
1.15
Network Criteria
Performance
Depends on Network Elements
Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
Reliability
Failure rate of network components
Measured in terms of availability/robustness
Security
Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
Errors
Malicious users
1.16
Physical Structures
Type of Connection
Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
Physical Topology
Connection of devices
Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast
1.17
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.18
Networking
Network criteria
Performance
Throughput
Delay
Reliability
Data transmitted are identical to data received.
Measured by the frequency of failure
The time it takes a link to recover from a failure
Security
Protecting data from unauthorized access
20
Terminology
1.22
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
1.23
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
1.24
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
1.25
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
1.26
A TOKEN RING
computer
A repeater
direction of token
and data packet D
B
C
Only one token is passed around
the network.
The device who has the token
may transmit.
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
1.28
Categories of Networks
1.29
Wide Area Networks
ATM
Evolution of frame relay
Little overhead for error control
Fixed packet (called cell) length
Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
Constant data rate using packet
switching technique
Local Area Networks
Smaller scope
Building or small campus
Usually owned by same organization as
attached devices
Data rates much higher
Usually broadcast systems
Now some switched systems and ATM
are being introduced
LAN Configurations
Switched
Switched Ethernet
May be single or multiple switches
ATM LAN
Fibre Channel
Wireless
Mobility
Ease of installation
Metropolitan Area Networks
MAN
Middle ground between LAN and WAN
Private or public network
High speed
Large area
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
1.38
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
1.39
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
1.40
1-3 THE INTERNET
1.41
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
1.42
Networking
Configuration
Intranet vs. Extranet
Intranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies
Open only those inside the organization
Example: insurance related information provided to
employees over an intranet
Extranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies
Open only those invited users outside the organization
Accessible through the Internet
Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory
information in a company over an extranet
Implementation of
Communications Functions
Applications Applications Single
layer
OS OS implemen-
tation
Applications Applications
Multi layer
implementation
OS OS -Breaking down into
smaller components
-Easier to implement
1-4 PROTOCOLS
1.46
Elements of a Protocol
Syntax
Structure or format of the data
Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Semantics
Interprets the meaning of the bits
Knows which fields define what action
Timing
When data should be sent and what
Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.
1.47