 Piping codes require that the minimum

thickness tm, including the allowance for

mechanical strength, shall not be less than
the thickness calculated using eq. 2.1.

 2.1
 tm = minimum required wall thickness, inches
 t = pressure design thickness, inches
 P = Internal pressure, psig
 D₀ = outside diameter of pipe, inches
 S = allowable stress at design temperature, psi (Table A3)
 A = Allowable additional thickness to provide for material
removed in theading, corrosion, or erosion allowance;
manufacturing tolerance (MT) should also be considered
 Y = coefficient that takes material properties and design
temperature into account. For t<d/6, value of Y are given
in table 2.1. for temperature below 900⁰F = 0.4
 d = inside diameter
 Eq = quality factor that is the product of
casting quality factor Ec, joint quality factor
Ej, and structural grade quality factor Es
 Value Ec range from 0.85 to 1.0 (tabel 2.2a)
 Valuaes Ej ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 (tabel 2.2b)
 Values of Es may be assumed as 0.92
 Eq = Ec Ej Es
 Calculate the minimum permissible wall
thickness for a 10 in. nominal diameter pipe
under 350 psi and 650⁰F. Material is ASTM
A106 Grade B carbon steel, corrosion
allowance is 0.05 in. and mill tolerance (MT) is
12½%
 P = 350 psig
 D₀ = 10.75 in.
 Eq = 1.0 for seamless pipe
 S = Sh = hot allowable stress (tensile) for A106
Grade B = 17,000 psi
 Y = 0.4 (because the temperature is less than
900⁰F)
 Equation above are valid for t<Do/6 (thin pipe)
 The pipe with t> D/6 (thick-walled pipe) requires
special consideration taking design and material
factors into account such as theory of failure,
fatigue and thermal stress
 The allowable working pressure of a pipe can
be determined by

 t = specified wall thickness or actual wall

thickness in inches
 The pressure design thickness t of permanent
blanks is given by the equation:

 dg = inside diameter of gasket for raised face

or flat face flanges
 The hydrostatic test pressure at any point in
the system should be not less than 1½ times
the design pressure.
 For temperatures above 650⁰F, the minimum
test pressure PT is given by:

 ST = allowable stress at 650⁰F (table A3)

 S = allowable stress at design temperature
 An angular offset 3 degrees or less does not required
design consideration as a miter bend.
 Multiple Miter Bends: the maximum allowable internal pressure
shall be lesser value calculated from eq 2.8a dan b.
 These equations are not applicable when θ exceeds 22.5
degrees
 Single Miter Bends
 The maximum allowable internal pressure for a
single miter bend with angle θ not greater than
22.5 degrees shall be calculated by eq 2.8a
 The maximum allowable internal pressure for
single miter bend with angle θ greater than 22.5
degrees shall be calculated by eq. 2.8c
 c = corrosion allowance
 Pm = maximum allowable internal pressure for
miter bends
 r2 = mean radius of pipe using nominal wall T
 R1 = effective radius of miter bend, defined as
the shortest distance from the pipe centerline
to the intersection of the planes of adjacent
miter joints
 Eq = quality factor
 S = allowable stress at design temperature, psi
 T =pipe wall tickness
 Θ =angle of miter cut, degrees
 Α = angle of change in direction at miter joint =
2θ
 R1 shall not be less than
 A1 has the following empirical values (not
valid in SI units)
 Calculate maximum allowable internal
pressure for the multiple miter bend . Plate
thickness is ½ in. Corrosion allowance is zero.
Manufacturing allowance is 0.01 in. Miter OD
is 36 in.
 For two-weld miter
 Θ = α/2 = 22½/2 = 11¼⁰
 The mean radius of the pipe = 35.5/2 = 17.75 in.
 The material consists of A312 TP 304 H stainless
stell
 Temperature is 1310⁰F
 Allowable hot stress is Sh = S Eq = 3060 (Tabel A3)
 Interpolate between Sh =3700 psi for 1300⁰F and
2900 psi for 1350⁰F
 Bend radius R1 = 54 in (table 4.4)

 Pm = 58 psig
 Pm = 67.86 psig
 The maximum allowable pressure for miter is
the smaller of the values calculated
 b = subscript referring to branch
 d1 = effective length removed from pipe at
branch
 d2 = half width of reinforcement zone
 d2 = d1 or (Tb – c) + (Th – c) +d1/2,
 h = subscript reffering to run or header
 L4 = height of reinfocement zone outside of
run pipe
 L4 = 2.5(Th – c) or 2.5(Tb – c) + Tr
 Tr = minimum thickness of reinforcemcing
ring or saddle made from pipe
 t = pressure design thickness of pipe
 Β = smaller angle between axes of branch and
run
 Area A1 required for branch connections
under internal pressure shall be:

 A1 = (th d1)(2 – sin β )

 Under external pressure shall be

 A1 = (th d1)(2 – sin β )/2

 The reinforcement area is the sum of areas
A2 +A3 + A 4 defined below, and shall equal
or exceed the required reinforcement area A1

 A2 = (2do – d1)(Th –th –c)

 A3 = 2Lo(Tb – tb – c)/sin β
 A4 the area of all other metal within the
reinforcement zone provided by weld metal
and other
 A 10 in nominal diameter pipe has design
conditions of 650⁰F and 400 psig. It is made
from seamless material to specification
ASTM A53 Grade B Sch. 20. The corrosion
allowance is 0.03 in. It has a 4 in. nominal
diameter branch sch 40 of the same material.
What are suitable dimensions for
reinforcement if it is to be made from a plate
of equal quality to that of the pipe material?
 We start off by calculating the minimum
thicknesses required for both the 10 in.
header and the 4 in. branch from the basic
equation:
 tpressure = PDo/2(SEq +PY)
 Allowable stress for ASTM A53 Grade B at
650⁰ F = 15,000 lb/in
 From Table 2.1 factor Y = 0.4 (below 900⁰ F)
 For header,

 For branch,

 Then minimum thickness of 10 in. sch 20 =

0.219 in.
 Excess = 0.219 – 0.1418 – 0.03 = 0.0472 in.
 Minimum thickness of 4 in. sch 40 = 0.207 in
 Excess = .0.207 – 0.0593 – 0.03 = 0.1177 in.

 d₁ = 4.5 – 2(0.1177) = 4.2646 in.

 d₂ = d₁ = 4.2646 in.

 L4 = 2.5(Th – c) or 2.5(Tb – c) + Tr
 L4 = 2.5 x 0.219 or 2.5 x 0.207 + 0.25
 L4 minimum = 0.55 in.
 Required area = t min x d1 = 0.1418 x 4.2646
 = 0.6047 in²
 Compensation area available from header,
 A2 = (2d2 – d1)(excess thickness)
 A2 = 4.2646 x 0.0472 = 0.2012 in²
 Compensation area available from branch,
 A3 = (2L4)(excess thickness)
 A3 = 1.1 x 0.1177 = 0.1294 in²
 Total compensation available without
reinforcing pad = 0.3306 in²
 Cross-section area of pad required = (0.6047 –
0.3306)/2 = 0.1370 in²