General

Considerations
of the Course
Objectives
At the end of the period, the students are expected
to:

1. Discuss the history of medical technology on a

global context.

1. Discuss the history of medical technology in the

United States.

1. Discuss the history of medical technology in the

Philippines.
Objectives
At the end of the period, the students are expected
to:

4. Identify important personalities that played a

significant role in the progress of medical
technology profession.

4. Discuss the historical milestones in Medical

Technology
Overview of MT – Course concept

• What is Medical Technology?

• Also known as _______________ or

_______________

• Application of diagnostic, preventive and

therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the
management of health conditions
 _______________

• Medical technology is the

branch of medicine
concerned with the
performance of
laboratory
determinations and
analyses used in the
diagnosis and treatment
of disease and the
maintenance of health.
__________ • Medical technology is the health
professions concerned with
performing laboratory analyses
in view of obtaining
information necessary in the
diagnosis and treatment of
diseases as well as in the
maintenance of good health.
 • Medical
technology is the
application of
the principles of
natural, physical
and biological
sciences in
laboratory
procedures to aid
in the diagnosis
and treatment of
_______________ diseases.
RA ______ = PMT Act of
1969
= approved
on ___________
examination of tissues, secretion and
excretion of the human body and body
fluids by various electronic, chemical,
microscopic and other medical
laboratory procedures or techniques
either manual or automated

= aid the physician in the

diagnosis, study and
treatment of disease and in the
promotion of health in general.
Medical
Technology
• Interdisciplinary
• Trains in:
• Hematology
• Clinical Chemistry
• Medical
Microbiology
• Clinical Microscopy
• Immunology
• Serology
• General pathology
Ancient Laboratory
Practices
Historical Notes
• _______________ (1500)
• Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of
medical texts
• 110-page long scroll
• 20 meters long
• Contains chapters on contraception,
pregnancy, eye and skin problems, surgery,
burns and intestinal diseases and parasites
• book of Ebers Papyrus: describes the treatment of
_______________ and infection transmissible to
human
_______________
• She is a medical technologist who traced the
beginning of medical technology when
intestinal parasite such as _________ and
_________ were first identified (1500 B.C.).
• _______________ – Father
of Medicine
• Advocated the use of
mind and senses as
diagnostic tools
• He described four
humors or body fluids in
the human body
• Four humors or body fluids as source of
person’s disposition (frame of mind) and
disease:
* balance = healthy
* deficit or excess = disease or
disabilities

A. _______________
B. _______________
C. _______________
D. _______________
Four Humors and Blood Sedimentation
• The four humours were based upon the observation
of blood clotting
• Blood is drawn in a glass container and left
undisturbed for about an hour.

• Four different layers can be seen.

• ________: dark clot at the bottom
• ________ : Above the clot is a layer
of RBC
• ________ : Above is a whitish layer
of WBC =now called the buffy coat)
• ________ : The top layer is clear
yellow serum
• Central Hippocratic doctrine of humoral
pathology
• All diseases were due to the disorder of
these four humors or body fluids

• During this times, ________ was regarded

as composite of these humors

• ________ – oldest lab procedure

• ________ – medical examination of urine
• Urine flask
– symbol of
medieval
medicine
• ________
• Poured urine on ground when it attracts ants
= patient diagnosed with diabetes

• ________ Made the ‟scientific observation”

that the urine of certain individuals attracted
to ants – such urine have a sweetish taste.

• ________ of diabetes was also noted (600

B.C.)
• ________
• Practiced immunization by inhaling
powder made from ________ to
develop immunity to the disease

• ________
• Developed lab tools: forceps, scalpels,
specula, and surgical needles

• ________
• Practiced toxicology (agadatantra)
• __________(50 AD)
• Made the first
description of
________
• Due to inability
of the kidneys to
filter blood
 Middle Ages (500-1500
A.D.)
• __________(Jewish physician
and philosopher)
• _________ (Body of Urine)
• Detailed concepts of urine formation,
urine sediments and urine characteristics
in relation to diseases
• Formulated rules for the use of urine in
patients’ diagnosis
• One of the founders of the origins of
nephrology
• _____________
• Failure of physicians to
examine patient’s urine
was punishable by public
beatings

• _____________ and his

father Hans – invented
_____________ (1590s)
• _____________
• (Medieval period: 1096-
1438)
➢Believed that MT
began from this
period as supported
by the fact that
urinalysis was a fad.
• _____________(14th Century)
➢Believed that MT started when a
prominent Italian doctor at the University
of Bologna employed _____________ to
perform different task in the lab.
o she died due to lab acquired infection

• 15th Century
• Discovery of the different dyes such as the
_____________ used in staining
microorganisms.
 Laboratory
Practices (16th-18th
Century)
• _____________ (1632)
• Saw bacteria and classified them according
to shapes
• Described blood cells, muscle fibers,
spermatozoa and protozoa
• _____________
• _____________(1646)
• Greatest of the early
microscopists
• Blood of patients with
plagues contained
“worms”

• _____________(1635-
1703), English philosopher,
architect, and polymath
• Published the
____________ which
featured illustrations of
his observations using a
microscope
• _____________, Italian
microscopist (1628-1694)
• His contributions to
embryology and anatomy
made him known as the
“Founding father of
modern _____________”
• ________________(1577-1644)
➢Introduced the
_____________ analysis of
urine by weighing a number
of 24-hr urine specimens

• _____________(1631-1691)
➢Investigated and showed
that blood transfusion from
one animal to another is
possible
• _____________(1694
)
➢Observed that
________ in the
urine precipitated
when boiled with
___________

➢Useful diagnostic
indicator of
____________
• _____________(1739–
1774)
➢Discovered that
plasma could be
separated from blood
cells when blood clots
➢_____________ –
could be precipitated
from the plasma upon
application of
temperature higher
than 50°C
➢Coagulable lymph =
_____________
• _____________(1775)
• A medical Doctor
• Identified sugar in the blood
and urine of diabetes

• _____________(1780)
• A medical doctor
• Developed the yeast test for
sugar in diabetic urine
 19 th

Century
19th Century – Era of
Public Health

• Water treatment

• Pasteurization of milk

• Improvement of hygiene
• _____________(1847
)
• recognized as the
father of
_____________
• Founder of Archives
(collection of
records) of
Pathology in Berlin
• ___________(1848)
• Performed the
first
_____________
test for urine
• _____________(1854) – studied
_______ outbreak in London
and brought the situation under
control
• How? Due to contaminated
water in the Broad Street
pump
• _____________(1861)
• studied aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria
• (1867) __________ at
_____________ can
prevent wine spoiling
• Developed
_____________
(1881)
• _____________(1843 – 1910)
• provided experimental steps (_____________)
used to prove that a specific microbe causes a
specific disease.
Mid- 1800s
• Laboratory tests for the ff were introduced
• Tb, cholera, typhoid and diphtheria
• _____________– first hospital laboratory in
Britain
• _____________– first clinical laboratory set
up in US
 The History of Medical
Technology in the United
States
late 19th century
• emergence of Clinical Laboratories in the
US started

• _____________
• established a laboratory at Bellevue
Hospital Medical College (1878)
• He gave the first lab course in pathology
ever offered in an American Medical
School
• Became the 1st professor of Pathology at
______________ (1885)
• _____________
• opened the 1st clin.lab. in 1896 at the John
Hopkins Hospital
• in this lab., “routine exams” was
performed & special test for blood
malarial parasites identification.

• Clin Lab also opened at the University of

Pennsylvania (___________________)
• 1908
• _____________
• wrote:
“Clinical Diagnosis: A
Manual of Laboratory
Methods”

“Clinical Diagnosis and

Management by
Laboratory Methods”
• Edited by
_______________
• fundamental
source in the
practice of lab
medicine
State Legislature of Pennsylvania (1915)
• required all hospital to have
adequate lab and employ
• a full time laboratory technician

_____________
• Impt factor in the growth of clin lab
& created a great
• Demand for clinical laboratory
technicians
• Assistants were taught to do some
tests by the practicing physicians
1923
• _________________, issued a course
bulletin entitled “Courses in
Medical Technology for Clinical and
Laboratory Technicians”
• 1st to offer a degree level program
in 1923

1936
• The American Board of Pathology was
established
World War II marked a great effect on Laboratory Medicine

RESULT: development of :
• use of blood for transfusion = closed system blood
collection
• instrumentation was advanced
• automation in the laboratory
• Quality control programs

Laboratory Medicine moved up into an era of sophistication.

…….. Growth of Clin Lab………
 History of
Medical
Technology
in the
Philippines
World War II in 1939-1945
• Dec. 7, 1941, Pearl harbor was invaded by
Japan then invaded the Philippines after 3
days causing US to flare up.
• Effects: Sickness and death were rampant

1944
• US bases were built in _____________
• US brought members of health care team to
the Philippines to resolve health problems
of soldiers and Filipinos
• 6th Infantry Division of US Army
• Established the ______________________
and introduced medical technology in the
Philippines
• First clinical laboratory in the Philippines
• Located at ________________

• Now known as the ________________, a

division of the Manila Health Department
February 1944
• highschool graduates were provided with
one year training to work as laboratory
technicians

June 1945
• staff of 6th US Army left the facility
• Clinical laboratory was endorsed to the
National Department of Health
_____________
• Filipino doctor and a dislocated staff of the 26
Medical Laboratory

• preserved the remains of the laboratory with

the help of ______________
• first City Health Officer of Manila

• The laboratory was later named

_________________
1947
• A training program for individual aspiring to
become lab workers was offered by Dr. Pio de
Roda, in collaboration with _____________

• Trainees were mostly high school graduates

and paramedical graduates.
• Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta. Ana to
prepare a formal syllabus of the training
program.

1954
• The training began using a syllabus and it was
to last for 6 months.
• After a short while _____________ joined the
two.

• The training program did not last long.

Formal
Medical
Technology
Education in
the
Philippines
• _____________
• Founder Of Medical Technology Education in
the Philippines

• An American medical practitioner and a

missionary of the 7th Day Adventist Church in
the
• Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick
• established the first Medical Technology
School in the Philippines together with Dr.
Reuben Manalaysay, Rev. Warren

• with the help of Mrs. Antoinette McKelvey:

prepared the course curriculum and
established the first complete laboratory in
microbiology, parasitology, and
histopathology at Manila Sanitarium Hospital
1956
• _____________: first student to graduate from the
Philippine Union College (1954)
• First to offer a 4-year BSMT through its sister
establishment, Manila Sanitarium Hospital

1957-1958
• UST offered an elective course in pharmacy
leading to a bachelor of science in medical
technology
• Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes of
the Faculty of Pharmacy
• Rev. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it as a
course.
• June 14, 1961 – full recognition of the 4-year
BSMT course.
• _______________ undertook feasibility study
for the offering of BSMT course.
• The first batch graduated in 1962

• The University of the Philippines offered a

similar course:
• BS in Public Health

• Postgraduate courses:
• MSMT (UST, PWU)
• Non thesis MPH -1 year (UP)
“If you want to understand
today, you have to search
yesterday.”

Pearl Buck