PHYSICS – Simple phenomena of

magnetism
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the forces between magnets,
and between magnets and magnetic Explain that magnetic forces are due to
materials interactions between magnetic fields
• Give an account of induced magnetism
• Distinguish between magnetic and non-
magnetic materials
• Describe methods of magnetisation, to • Describe methods of demagnetisation, to
include stroking with a magnet, use of include hammering, heating and use of a.c. in
d.c. in a coil and hammering in a a coil
magnetic field
• Draw the pattern of magnetic field
lines around a bar magnet
• Describe an experiment to identify
the pattern of magnetic field lines,
including the direction
• Distinguish between the magnetic
properties of soft iron and steel
• Distinguish between the design and
use of permanent magnets and
electromagnets
 Attracted?

Magnets
Properties

Have magnetic .. or not?

fields around
them.
N S
 Attracted?

Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract.
.. may be?
fields around
them.
N S
 Attracted?

Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract.
.. possibly?
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
material.
 Attracted?

Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract.
.. hopefully?
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
Attract magnetic material.
materials by
inducing magnetism
in them.
N

Iron Steel
 Attracted?

Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract.
.. mmmm?
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
Attract magnetic material.
materials by
inducing magnetism
in them.
N
S S

N N

Poles induced in both iron and steel.

 Attracted?

Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract.
YES!!!
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
Attract magnetic material.
materials by
inducing magnetism
in them.
N S

N
Iron loses
magnetism – it was Steel retains magnetism
only a temporary – it became a permanent
magnet magnet
 Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

N S
Not very. S

Placing a piece of steel near a magnet

makes it permanently magnetised,
but its magnetism is usually weak.
 Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

Wide sweep away

from the steel
Getting stronger.

N S
Induced poles

The magnet can be magnetized more

strongly by stroking it with one end
of a magnet
 Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

Steel

Strongest!

Coil

The best way of magnetizing is to

place the steel bar in a long coil of
wire and pass a large, direct (one
way) current through the coil. The
coil has a magnetic effect which
magnetizes the steel.
 Magnets – how do they work?

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic?
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic?
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? In an unmagnetized material,
the tiny electrons, or atomic
magnets point in random
directions.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? When the material becomes
magnetized, more and more
of the tiny atomic magnets
line up with each other. They
act as one BIG magnet.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? If a magnet is hit with a hammer,
the tiny atomic magnets get
thrown out of line again, so the
material becomes demagnetised.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic? If a magnet is hit with a hammer,
the tiny atomic magnets get
thrown out of line again, so the A magnet will also
material becomes demagnetised. become demagnetized
if heated to high
temperature.
Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
magnetized, and is attracted to
magnets. Strongly magnetic
materials contain iron, nickel or
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).
 Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
magnetized, and is attracted to
magnets. Strongly magnetic
materials contain iron, nickel or
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).

Ferromagnets

Hard magnetic materials,

eg. Steel, alloys (Alcomax,
Magnadur). Difficult to
magnetise, but do not
lose their magnetism.
Used for permanent
magnets.
 Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
magnetized, and is attracted to
magnets. Strongly magnetic
materials contain iron, nickel or
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).

Ferromagnets

Hard magnetic materials, Soft magnetic materials,

eg. Steel, alloys (Alcomax,
Magnadur). Difficult to
magnetise, but do not
lose their magnetism.
Used for permanent
magnets.
eg. Iron, Mumetal.
Relatively easy to
magnetise, but magnetism
is temporary. Used in
electromagnets and
transformers.
 Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
magnetized, and is attracted to
magnets. Strongly magnetic
materials contain iron, nickel or
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).
Non-magnetic materials.
Metals (brass, copper,
Ferromagnets zinc, tin and aluminium);
non-metals.

Hard magnetic materials, Soft magnetic materials,

eg. Steel, alloys (Alcomax,
Magnadur). Difficult to
magnetise, but do not
lose their magnetism.
Used for permanent
magnets.
eg. Iron, Mumetal.
Relatively easy to
magnetise, but magnetism
is temporary. Used in
electromagnets and
transformers.
Magnetic fields
Magnetic fields

Iron filings sprinkled

around a magnet

Magnetic field lines

around the magnet
Magnetic fields

Iron filings sprinkled

around a magnet

Field lines run from the

north pole (N) to the
south pole (S). The
magnetic field is
strongest where the field
lines are closer together.
Magnetic field lines
around the magnet
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

.
.
.
.
N S
 Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

http://www.physbot.co.uk/magnetic-fields-and-induction.html
 Magnetic fields
Interactions between magentic
fields

When unlike poles are placed near

each other, their magnetic fields
combine to produce a single field of
almost uniform strength.

http://www.homofaciens.de/technics-magnetic-field-energy_en_navion.htm
 Magnetic fields
Interactions between magentic
fields
Neutral point

When unlike poles are placed near When like poles are placed near each
each other, their magnetic fields other, their magnetic fields cancel
combine to produce a single field of each other, and there is a neutral
almost uniform strength. point where the combined field
strength is zero.
http://www.homofaciens.de/technics-magnetic-field-energy_en_navion.htm
The Earth’s magnetic field

The Earth’s magnetic field is like

that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.
The Earth’s magnetic field

The Earth’s magnetic field is like

that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.
The Earth’s magnetic field

The Earth’s magnetic field is like

that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.

The Earth’s magnetic north is

actually over 1200km away from
the true geographic north pole.
 The Earth’s magnetic field
Over a period of
time the Earth’s
magnetic pole will The Earth’s magnetic field is like
‘flip’. that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.

The Earth’s magnetic north is

actually over 1200km away from
the true geographic north pole.
 The Earth’s magnetic field
Over a period of
time the Earth’s
magnetic pole will The Earth’s magnetic field is like
‘flip’. that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.

The Earth’s magnetic north is

In the last 10 million actually over 1200km away from
years, there have been, the true geographic north pole.
on average, 4 or 5
‘flips’ per million years.
Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets
Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets

Unlike bar magnets, which are

permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets
can be turned on and off.
 Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets

Unlike bar magnets, which are

permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets
can be turned on and off.

Permanent magnet uses:

1. Needles of compasses.
2. Fridge door seals, holding
the doors closed.
3. Loudspeakers and
microphones.
 Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets

switch battery
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets coil
can be turned on and off.
Soft iron
core
Permanent magnet uses: When a current flows
1. Needles of compasses. through the coil it
2. Fridge door seals, holding produces a magnetic
the doors closed. field. This field is
3. Loudspeakers and temporary and is lost
microphones. when the current is
switched off.
 Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets

switch battery
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets coil
can be turned on and off.
Soft iron
core
Permanent magnet uses: When a current flows Strength increased by:
1. Needles of compasses. through the coil it - Increasing the current
2. Fridge door seals, holding produces a magnetic - Increasing number of turns
the doors closed. field. This field is
3. Loudspeakers and temporary and is lost
microphones. when the current is
switched off.
 Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets

switch battery
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets coil
can be turned on and off.
Soft iron
core
Permanent magnet uses: When a current flows Strength increased by:
1. Needles of compasses. through the coil it - Increasing the current
2. Fridge door seals, holding produces a magnetic - Increasing number of turns
the doors closed. field. This field is
3. Loudspeakers and temporary and is lost Uses: scrapyard
microphones. when the current is electromagnets, circuit
switched off. breakers, relays, electric bells.
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the forces between magnets,
and between magnets and magnetic Explain that magnetic forces are due to
materials interactions between magnetic fields
• Give an account of induced magnetism
• Distinguish between magnetic and non-
magnetic materials
• Describe methods of magnetisation, to • Describe methods of demagnetisation, to
include stroking with a magnet, use of include hammering, heating and use of a.c. in
d.c. in a coil and hammering in a a coil
magnetic field
• Draw the pattern of magnetic field
lines around a bar magnet
• Describe an experiment to identify
the pattern of magnetic field lines,
including the direction
• Distinguish between the magnetic
properties of soft iron and steel
• Distinguish between the design and
use of permanent magnets and
electromagnets
PHYSICS – Simple phenomena of
magnetism