Minerals

Harliansyah, Ph.D

Dept Biochemistry FK-YARSI

 THE CATIONS
 SODIUM
 POTASSIUM

 CALCIUM

 MAGNESIUM
 SODIUM
 The MOST ABUNDANT cation in the ECF
 Normal range is 135-145 mEq/L
 Major contributor of plasma osmolarity
FUNCTIONS
 1. participates in the Na-K pump
 2. assists in maintaining blood volume
 3. assists in nerve transmission and muscle contraction
 Aldosterone increases sodium retention
 ANF increases sodium excretion
 POTASSIUM
 MOST ABUNDANT cation in the ICF
 Normal range is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
 Major electrolyte maintaining ICVF balance
FUNCTIONS
 1. maintains ICF Osmolality
 2. nerve conduction and muscle contraction
 3. metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
 Aldosterone promotes renal excretion of K+
 Acidosis promotes exchange of K+ for H+
in the cell
 CALCIUM
 Majority of calcium is in the bones and teeth
 Normal serum range 8.5-10 mg/dL

FUNCTIONS
 1. formation and mineralization of bones/teeth

 2. muscular contraction and relaxation

 3. cardiac function

 4. blood clotting

 5. enzyme activation
 CALCIUM
Regulation:
 GIT absorbs Ca+2 in the intestine with the help of
Vit. D
 Kidney Ca+2 is filtered in the glomerulus and
reabsorbed
in the tubules
 PTH increases Ca+2 by bone resorption, Ca+2
retention and activation of Vitamin D
 Calcitonin released when Ca+2 is high, it decreases
Ca+ by excretion in the kidney
 MAGNESIUM
 Second to K+ in the ICF
 Normal range is 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
FUNCTIONS
 1. intracellular production and utilization of ATP
 2. protein and DNA synthesis
 3. neuromuscular irritability
THE ANIONS

 CHLORIDE
 PHOSPHATES

 BICARBONATES
 CHLORIDE
 The MAJOR Anion in the ECF
 Normal range is 95-108 mEq/L
FUNCTIONS
 1. major component of gastric juice aside from H+
 2. together with Na+, regulates plasma osmolality
 3. participates in the chloride shift
 4. acts as chemical buffer
 PHOSPHATES
 The MAJOR Anion in the ICF
 Normal range is 2.5-4.5 mg/L

FUNCTIONS
 1. component of bones

 2. needed to generate ATP

 3. components of DNA and RNA

 PTH decreases PO4 in blood by renal excretion

 Calcitonin increases renal excretion of PO4

 BICARBONATES
 Present both in ICF and ECF
 Normal range- 22-26 mEq/L

FUNCTION
 1. regulates acid-base balance

 2. component of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid

buffer system