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GRAVITY
Nuryadi Saleh
Peneliti Madya-Puslitbang
tekMIRA
Extractive Metallurgy
Metallurgy is the general study of metals
Extractive metallurgy focuses on the activities required to
obtain a pure metal from one of its ores:
Mining from deep mines or open-pit mines.
Concentration by physical separation from waste rock.
Roasting is often used to convert metal compounds to the
corresponding oxides.
Reduction may be performed by simple heating to
decompose an oxide, or with a reducing agent such as coke,
or by electrolysis.
Slag formation removes high-melting impurities.
One or more final steps of refining may be required.
Definisi
Gravity separation (pemisahan gravitasi) adalah proses fisik untuk
Gravity separation pemisahan 2 macam mineral atau lebih berdasarkan pada
perbedaan sifat-sifat fisik mineral-mineral tersebut, seperti berat
jenis, ukuran dan bentuk butiran, dan lebih jauh tergantung juga
kepada jenis medium pemisah dan gerakan butiran dalam
medium tersebut
Gravity separation
Definisi
1. Classification Gravity concentration (konsentrasi gravitasi) adalah proses
konsentrasi untuk memisahkan butiran-butiran mineral berharga
2. Gravity concentration dari mineral pengotornya (gangue mineral) berdasarkan
perbedaan berat-jenisnya dalam suatu medium berupa air atau
cairan berat atau suspensi zat padat dalam air.
Jigging action
Symetric movement
TECHNICAL DATA:
Dimensions: approx. 1 × 1 × 1 m HWD
Weight: starting at around 150 kg
Extent of Mechanization: semi-mechanized
Form of Driving Energy: water pressure
Alternative Forms: pneumatic jigs
Throughput/Capacity: approx. 20 t/h × m² jig bed
Operating Materials:
Type: water
Quantity: 420 - 6601/min × m2 pg bed
ECONOMIC DATA:
Investment Costs: minimum 500 to 1000 DM when self-constructed
Operating Costs: low, mainly labor costs
Sistem penggerak jig
Efek riffle
Hal ini dapat terjadi karena kecepatan aliran tersebut tidak sarna
diseluruh ketebalan lapisan; kecepatan terkecil ada pada dasar
lapisan (hampir nol) dan maksimum pada lapisan atas dekat
permukaan cairan. Bagian air yang mengalir paling dekat dengan
permukaan deck (meja) akan mengalami hambatan paling besar,
karena ada gesekan (tahanan) antara air dengan permukaan deck
(meja), sehingga kecepatan air paling bawah (di atas deck) adalah
paling kecil dan semakin ke atas kecepatan air semakin besar.
Menghambat butiran mineral berat ,
Membuat arus turbulensi ,
Membuat desintegrasi butiran-butiran, sehingga terjadi
stratifikasi butiran
mineral berat .
Flowing film concentration
Blanket Table I Corduroy Blankets.
Blanket Table I Corduroy Blankets. Blanket Table adalah suatu deck atau talang berbentuk persegi panjang
Pinched Sluice. dengari dasar yang rata dan distel sedikit miring. Dasar talang ditutupi
Reichert Cone. dengan bahan kain selimut atau sejenis kain be/uderu, corduroy, lakken
Sluice Box. atau karpet, kain terpal dan lain sejenisnya, yang dapat
Shaking Table. . '.
Spiral Concentration . .
menahan butiran-butiran emas halus atau mineral berat dari sluny/pulp
yang merigalir di
atasnya. Pada saat yang lalu banyak dipakai untuk menangkap butiran-
butiran emas halus. Pada saat ini bahan kain corduroy lebih banyak
dipakai (Corduroy Tab/e), karena kain corduroy mempunyai lekuk-Iekuk
yang dapat menahan butiran-butiran emas· halusatau . mineral berat
sebagai konsentrat.
Sluice Box.
Sluice Box.
Most gold is caught in the first 0.5 meter of the sluice, so keep the sluice
length short (less than 2 m for hand-fed sluices). Zigzag configurations
break flow velocity and help to increase recovery; three 2m zigzag sluices
are usually better than one single 6m sluice.
Dimensions: inclination of sluice depends on mode of operation and grain-size of feed: 2° - 8° for semi-
continuous pre-concentration of heavy mineral feed; 14.8° in Bolivia for reprocessing of
narrowly classified concentrates in intermittent operation. Depending on the individual
situation, sluices ranging from 2 × 0.5 × 0.5 m (Bolivia) to > 100 × 2 × 2 m (Thailand) are in
use.
Weight: depends on type of construction, either as masonry built into the ground, or as wooden
construction
Extent of not mechanized
Mechanization:
Form of Driving only processing water
Energy:
Alternative possibly mechanical vibrators/shakers
Forms:
Mode of intermittent/semi-continuous
Operation:
Throughput/Cap between 10 - 100 kg/in in a discontinuous operation; around 20 - 50 t/h in a semi-continuous
acity: operation
Operating
Materials:
Shaking table.
Shaking table atau meja goyang adalah alat konsentrasi yang terdiri dari
satu rneja persegi dan dibuat sedikit miring menurut salah satu· sisi
panjangnya. Pada dasamya yang rata dipasang riffles (penahan) yang
sejajar dengan sisi panjangnya. Meja digoyang dengan gerakan bolak-
balik yang berbeda kecepatannya (reciprocating) dengan arah
gerakannya searah dengan sisi panjang meja atau searah dengan
panjang riffles. Dari sisi panjang yang lebih tinggi dialirkan urnpan dan air
pencuci. Air pencuci segera turun ke bawah mernotong tegak lurus
terhadap riffles dan arah goyangan meja. Butiran mineral berat akan
tertahan pada riffles, sedangkan butiran mineral ringan terbawa bersama
air menu rut kerniringan meja ke sisi tailing (tailing side).
Pengaruh gerakan meja terhadap
partikel
Shaking table.
Pengaruh gerakan meja terhadap
partikel
Shaking table.
Pengaruh riffle
Shaking table.
Shaking table.
Tipe meja
Bartles-Mozley separator
Wilfley table dan Dister table
Terdiri dari pitman (P) yang terhubung dengan 2 buah toggle A dan B. Pada
saat pitman turun mendorong toggle Bsehinggga meja bergerak maju maka
toggle A akan menyebabkan per terkompresi. Pada saat pitman naik meje
mundur secara cepat akibat per kembali ke posisi semula.
Variable rancangan meja
Tipe riffle
Roughing: air besar, feed rate tinggi, kemiringan tinggi dan stroke besar.
Cleaning: air sedikit, feed rate rendah, landai dan stroke pendek.
Umpan halus : air kurang, feed rate rendah rpm tinggi dan stroke keci.
Umpan kasar : air berlebih, feed rate tinggi, rpm rendah, stroke panjang.
Optimal technological characteristics and operating parameters of vibrating tables for the processing of tin, tungsten and similar ores (by
Isaev):
Ratio of length to width of table approx. 2.5 approx. 1.8 < 1.5
Lift in mm 16 to 26 12 to 18 6 to 12
Number of strokes in min-1 200 to 270 270 to 320 320 to 420
Lateral inclination of table surface in 4 to 10 2 to 4 1 to 2.5
degrees
Fluid-solid ratio (vol) of feed 3.5:1 to 5:1 3.5:1 to 4:1 3.5:1 to 4:1
Cross-flow water quantity (fluid-solid 1:1 to 1.5:1 1.5:1 2:1
volumetric ratio)
Operating Materials:
Type: water
Quantity: 80 - 85 % by volume
ECONOMIC DATA:
AREAS OF APPLICATION
Gemeni table
Flowing film concentration
Humphrey spiral
Flowing film concentration
Humphrey spiral
TECHNICAL DATA:
Dimensions: approx. 1 × 1 × 3 m / 5 to 6 windings / 1 to 3 discharge outlets
Weight: approx. 200 kg
Extent of Mechanization: not mechanized
Form of Driving Energy: velocity of slurry/processing water
Mode of Operation: continuous
Throughput/Capacity: 0.5- 12 t/h depending on dimension of channel (launder) and grain size of
feed
Operating Materials:
Humphrey spiral
Processing of pre-concentrate from:
Alluvial gold-ore deposits
Tin sands and primary tin ore veins
Titanous sands (ilmenite, rutile)
Zirconium sands
Pyrite and other sulfides for leaching
Gold from gold-quartz veins
Scheelite
Chromite
Falcon concentrator
Centrifugal bowl
Centrifugal bowl
About 30 to 33 kg of concentrate are obtained
during a given run. The main specifications of the
ABJ centrifuge :
• Diameter of the bowl: ∅0.78 m
• Operation: unfluidized centrifuge, ribbed cone
• Cone Material: butyl rubber
• Operating Speed: 102 rpm
• Feed Capacity: up to 3 tonnes/h in slurry at 30%
solids
• Feed Size: -4mm max
• Shipping Weight: 130kg
• Extent of Mechanization: partially mechanized;
batch discharge ofconcentrates
• Mode of Operation: batch
• Discharge: from bottom
• Drive Bevel gear and V-Belt
• Installed Power: 0.7 kW
• Price: about US$ 2000
• High capacity – 3-4 tonnes/hour
Multi gravity separator
Gravity concentrator yang mengkombinasikan gerak
sentrifugal dan kemiringan drum seperti pada Kelsey
jig dan Falcon concentrator serta gerak osilasi seperti
shalking table
Multi gravity separator
The Multi-Helix Spiral Concentrator
16” Secondary Cleaner - A continuous feed concentrator with a production rate of 1 ton per hour
or 1/2 cubic yard per hour. It is an exceptionally versatile secondary concentrator for processing
primary sluice box concentrate, primary jig concentrate and centrifuge concentrate. It also allows
for batch feeding for bulk sampling and testing head ores. Smelting grade concentrate can be
achieved by re-concentrating batches of heavy gold concentrate.
16" Primary Rougher - A real work horse, used for primary concentration of classified head
ores. It is a continuous feed / continuous product concentrator with production capability of 2-3
tons per hour.
24" Primary Rougher - A larger volume work horse, used for primary concentration of classified
head ores, continuous feed with production capability of 5-7 tons per hour.
Flowsheet
Flowsheet
Flowsheet
Flowsheet
Flowsheet
Heavy media separator (HMS)
Sink-float process
Dense medium separation (DMS)
Konsentrasi mineral dengan menggunakan media (liquid atau pseudo
heavy liquid) dengan berat jenis yang sesuai sehingga dihasilkan mineral
dengan berat jenis yang lebih rendah dibandingkan media, float dan mineral
yang memiliki berat jenis yang lebih besar dari media, sink.
feed
Vorsyl separator
LARCODEMS separator
Dyna whirpholl separator
Tri-flo separator
Centrifugal separator
Vorsyl separator
Vorsyl separator
LARCODEMS separator
Dyna whirpholl separator
Tri-flo separator
LARCODEMS separator
Centrifugal separator
Dyna whirpholl separator
Tri-flo separator
DMS circuit
PEMISAHAN MINERAL
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
ELECTROSTATIS SEPARATION
Pemisahan magnetik
Pemisahan mineral berdasarkan perbedaan siaft megnetrik di dalam medan magnet .
Mineral yang umum dalam menerapkan pemisahan magnetik :
Magnetit
Pirolusit
Kasiterit
Pirhotit
Zircon
Hematit
Ilmenit
Garnet
Ni oksdda
Taconite
Kromit
Monazit
Stib nit dan Cu oksida
Pemisahan magnetik
Mineral dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pada kemagnetan yaitu :
1. Grup 1 : Mineral yang dapat dipisahkan pada intensitas magnet rendah (500-
1000 gauss).
2. Grup 2 : Mineral dapat dipisahkan pada intensitas magnet sedang (1000-
10000 gauss).
3. Grup 3: Mineral dapat dipisahkan pada intensitas magnet tinggi (10000-18000
gauss).
4. Grup 4: Mineral dapat dipisahkan pada intensutas magnet yang sangat tinggi
(di atas 18000 gauss).
Pengelompokan mineral berdasar sifat kemagnetan
Diagram alir Pemisahan media magnetit dari proses
pencucian batu bara dengan DMS
Pembangkit medan magnet
concurrent
countercurrent
Tipe low magnetik separator
Tipe high magnetik separator
Wet high intensity magnetic separators (WHIMS)
The ilmenite generally needs to be of a low TiO2 content (around 50%), so the magnetic
susceptibility is high.
The Readings unit consists of a rotating carousel, which has vertically inclined salient plates
through which feed slurry is passed. As the carousel rotates it passes through fields of
magnetic influence generated by surrounding electromagnets, followed by fields of no
magnetic influence. The magnetic grains are initially held up in the plates while the non
magnetic grains are washed through into a launder below. When the plates are in the non
magnetic field the magnetic grains are then wash off into a separate launder below.
They are commonly used to recover / reject magnetite from HMC ahead of high
intensity wet or dry magnetic separation.
For the wet LIMS there are two models, counter-current and co-current flow. All LIMS
consist of a rotating drum within which a fixed permanent magnet is located. Feed is
presented to the drum and depending on the magnetic susceptibility of the grains is
either attracted by the magnetic field and held to the drum surface or discharged by
gravity / centrifugal throw. As the drum rotates the magnetic grains leave the magnet
field and are discharged separately usually with the aid of a scraper / brush (and
spray water for the wet LIMS).
•The speed of drum rotation, magnet and splitter position are the variables used
in the dry LIMS
•The level of the slurry bath and magnet position are the variables used in the
wet LIMS
•As the names suggest the counter and co- current wet LIMS remove the
products at different points in relation to the direction of the feed flow. The later
is more suited to cleaning duties
Wet / dry low intensity magnetic drums (LIMS)
For the dry LIMS feed is distributed across the drum at the
top, and as the drum rotates enters the magnetic field of a
permanent magnet, with the non magnet grains being
unaffected and thrown off by centrifugal force, while the
magnetic grains are held to the drum surface until they leave
the magnetic field and either fall or are scraped off
separately.
Operating variables:
•Drum speed
•Splitter position
•Magnet position
Induced roll magnetic separators (IRM)
They are commonly used to separate ilmenite from less magnetic and non magnetic in dry
mills.
The Readings IRM consists of an electromagnet which induces a magnetic field onto a
serrated rotating roll via a cast iron pole located a short distance away. Dry feed is
distributed across and onto the surface of the roll at top, where depending on the magnetic
susceptibility of the grains is either held to the roll or discharges off due to the centrifugal
motion of the roll. The machine has two parallel feed points, each with two rolls which are
mounted vertically above each other, with the lower roll operating as a non magnetic
cleaner.
They are similar to the dry LIMS except that they employ an exotic
permanent magnet capable of producing much higher intensity magnetic
field. This magnet is positioned inside a large diameter drum.
They differ from REDs in that they have two smaller diameter rolls between and
around which a belt tracks. Feed material is distributed onto the belt which
transports it to the end roll which contains an exotic permanent magnet similar to
the RED. The rolls and belt move at high speed and the trajectory of the grains
discharging from the belt depends on their magnetic susceptibility and the
following operating variables:
•Belt speed
•Belt thickness
•Splitter position
Aplikasi magnetik separator untuk bijih mangan
Konduktor
Padatan yang memiliki tahan listrik 10-5 ohm-cm sehingga dapat menghantar muatan
listrik pada medan listrik yang sangat kecil,
Insulator
Padatan yang memiliki tahanan listrik 10+24 ohm-cm sehingga tidak dapat
menghantarkan listrik.
Semi konduktor
Padatan yang memiliki tahanan listrik 1-104 ohm-cm sehingga tidak dapat
menghantarkan listrik. Sifat elektriknya di antara konduktor dan insulator.
Klasifikasi mineral berdasrkan konduktifitas
Pembangkit medan listrik
Produk SiO2 di
bawah 1,7%
Aplikasi Electrostatic separator pemisahan hematit dari
silika
High tension rolls (HTR)