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Definition, Process, Types of Translation
Definition, Process, Types of Translation
Translation theory
(Catford, 1974: 20)
the replacement of textual material in one language
(source language) by equivalent textual material in
another language (target language)
(Lawendowski see Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:
182)
The transfer of ‘meaning’ from one set of language signs
to another set of language signs.
(Brislin, 1976: 1)
Translation is a general term referring to the transfer of
thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to
another (target) whether the language are in written or
oral form.
Kridalaksana, 1985
Pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam
bahasa sasaran dengan pertama-tama mengungkapkan
maknanya dan kemudian gaya bahasanya.
(Nida dan Taber 1974:12)
the reproducing in the receptor language closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms
of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
Translation theory
Process
Translation process
(Bell:1991)
Memory
Source Language
Text Analysis
Semantic
Representation
Target Language
Synthesis Text
Another translation process diagram
(Bassnett:1991)
Step 1:
Step 3:
Analysis Mental Process / Restructuring
Cognitive Process
/Black Box
Step 2:
Transferring
Translation theory
Types
Types of translation
1. Word-for-word translation
2. Free translation
3. Literal translation
4. Dynamic translation
5. Pragmatic translation
6. Esthetic-poetic translation
7. Ethnographic translation
8. Linguistic translation
9. Communicative translation
1. Word-for-word translation
Word level; without any restructuring;
Similar structure in SL and TL.
E.g.:
I like that clever student
Saya menyukai itu pintar anak.
Two third of the applicants are interested in studying
technology management
Dua ketiga dari itu pelamar-pelamar adalah tertarik dalam
mempelajari teknologi manajemen.
I will go to Bali tomorrow
Saya akan pergi ke Bali besok.
She gave me two tickets yesterday
Dia memberi saya dua tiket kemarin.
2. Free translation
Level of paragraph or discourse;
E.g.:
Killing two birds with one stone
sambil menyelam minum air
3.Literal translation
Between word-for-word and free translation
word-for-word restructuring
Applied in different structure (SL&TL).
E.g.:
His heart in the right place
Kepunyaanya hati adalah dalam itu benar tempat (word-for-
word)
Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar (literal)
Dia baik hati (free)
4. Dynamic translation
With common expression
E.g.:
The author has organized this book since 1995
1. Penulis telah mengorganisasi buku ini sejak 1995.
2. Penulis telah menyusun buku ini sejak 1995.
3. Penulis telah membakar buku ini sejak 1995.
5. Pragmatic translation
Lack of form/esthetic
Translator prioritizes in transferring information
E.g.:
Master kids shower gel formulated with triclosan, Aloe
vera extract, D-Panthenol and Vitamin E to make your
skin clean, fresh, and stay healthy.
Sabun mandi Master Kids yang diformulasikan dengan
Triclosan, Ekstrak aloe vera, D-Panthenol dan vitamin E.
Kulitmu jadi bersih, harum lembut dan tetap sehat.
Sabun mandi Master Kids yang diformulasikan dengan
Triclosan, Ekstrak aloe vera, D-Panthenol dan vitamin E
membuat/menjadikan kulitmu jadi bersih, harum lembut dan
tetap sehat.
6. Esthetic-poetic translation
Focus on esthetic value; feeling, emotion, sense.
E.g.:
Di luar salju terus. Hampir pagi.
Tubuhmu terbit dari birahi.
Angin menembus. Hilang lagi.
1. Yes, dad
2. Yes, sir
Types of translation
Why are there some types of translation?
1. Differences between SL and TL.
2. Different types of material text (ST).
3. Translation as tool for communication.
4. Different goal