Battery Technology

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Applications using Batteries

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Battery
• Convert stored chemical energy into electrical
energy
• Reaction between chemicals take place
• Consisting of electrochemical cells
• Contains
• Electrodes
• Electrolyte

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Electrodes and Electrolytes
• Cathode
• Positive terminal
• Chemical reduction occurs (gain electrons)
• Anode
• Negative terminal
• Chemical oxidation occurs (lose electrons)
• Electrolytes allow:
• Separation of ionic transport and electrical transport
• Ions to move between electrodes and terminals
• Current to flow out of the battery to perform work

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Battery Overview
• Battery has metal or plastic case
• Inside case are cathode, anode, electrolytes
• Separator creates barrier between cathode
and anode
• Current collector brass pin in middle of cell
conducts electricity to outside circuit

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Primary Cell
• One use (non-rechargeable/disposable)
• Chemical reaction used, can not be reversed
• Used when long periods of storage are
required
• Lower discharge rate than secondary
batteries
• Use:
smoke detectors, flashlights, remote controls

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Alkaline Battery
• Alkaline batteries name came from the electrolyte in an alkane
• Anode: zinc powder form
• Cathode: manganese dioxide
• Electrolyte: potassium hydroxide

• The half-reactions are:

Zn(s) + 2OH−(aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e− [e° = -1.28 V]
2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2e− → Mn2O3(s) + 2OH−(aq) [e° = 0.15 V]
• Overall reaction:
Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) → ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s) [e° = 1.43 V]
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Zinc-Carbon Battery
• Anode: zinc metal body (Zn)
• Cathode: manganese dioxide (MnO2)
• Electrolyte: paste of zinc chloride and ammonium chloride dissolved in
water

• The half-reactions are:

Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e- [e° = -0.763 V]
2NH4+(aq) + 2MnO2(s) + 2e- → Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l) + 2NH3(aq) + 2Cl- [e° = 0.50 V]
• Overall reaction:
Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 2NH4Cl(aq) → Mn2O3(s) + Zn(NH3)2Cl2 (aq) + H2O(l) [e° = 1.3 V]

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 Primary Cell
Alkaline Battery
• Zinc powered, basic electrolyte
• Higher energy density
• Functioning with a more stable chemistry
• Shelf-life: 8 years because of zinc powder
• Long lifetime both on the shelf and better
performance
• Can power all devices high and low drains
• Use:
Digital camera, game console, remotes
Zinc-Carbon Battery
• Zinc body, acidic electrolyte
• Case is part of the anode
• Zinc casing slowly eaten away by the acidic
electrolyte
• Cheaper then Alkaline
• Shelf-life: 1-3 years because of metal body
• Intended for low-drain devices
• Use:
Kid toys, radios, alarm clocks
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Secondary Cells
• Rechargeable batteries
• Reaction can be readily reversed
• Similar to primary cells except redox
reaction can be reversed
• Recharging:
• Electrodes undergo the opposite process
than discharging
• Cathode is oxidized and produces electrons
• Electrons absorbed by anode

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Nickel-Cadmium Battery
• Anode: Cadmium hydroxide, Cd(OH)2
• Cathode: Nickel hydroxide, Ni(OH)2
• Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide, KOH

• The half-reactions are:

Cd+2OH- → Cd(OH)2+2e-
2NiO(OH)+Cd+2e- →2Ni(OH)2+2OH-
• Overall reaction:
2NiO(OH) + Cd+2H2O→2Ni(OH)2+Cd(OH)2

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Nickel-Cadmium Battery
• Maintain a steady voltage of 1.2v per cell until completely depleted
• Have ability to deliver full power output until end of cycle
• Have consistent powerful delivery throughout the entire application
• Very low internal resistance
• Lower voltage per cell

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Nickel-Cadmium Battery
• Advantages:
• This chemistry is reliable
• Operate in a range of temperatures
• Tolerates abuse well and performs well after long periods of storage

• Disadvantages:
• It is three to five times more expensive than lead-acid
• Its materials are toxic and the recycling infrastructure for larger nickel-
cadmium batteries is very limited

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Lead-Acid Battery
• Anode: Porous lead
• Cathode: Lead-dioxide
• Electrolyte: Sulfuric acid, 6 molar H2SO4

• Discharging
(+) electrode: PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2e- → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(-) electrode: Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2e-
• During charging
(+) electrode: PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2e-
(-) electrode: PbSO4(s) + 2e- → Pb(s) + SO42-(aq)

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Lead-Acid Battery
• The lead-acid cells in automobile batteries are wet cells
• Deliver short burst of high power, to start the engine
• Battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the
engine
• Battery acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
• Supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicle's electrical load
exceeds the supply from the charging system

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Lead-Acid Battery
• Advantages:
• Batteries of all shapes and sizes, available in
• Maintenance-free products and mass-produced
• Best value for power and energy per kilowatt-hour
• Have the longest life cycle and a large environmental advantage
• Ninety-seven percent of the lead is recycled and reused in new batteries

• Disadvantages:
• Lead is heavier compared to alternative elements
• Certain efficiencies in current conductors and other advances continue to
improve on the power density of a lead-acid battery's design

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Lithium-Ion Battery
• Anode: Graphite
• Cathode: Lithium manganese dioxide
• Electrolyte: mixture of lithium salts

• Lithium ion battery half cell reactions

CoO2 + Li+ + e- ↔ LiCoO2 Eº = 1V
Li+ + C6+ e- ↔ LiC6 Eº ~ -3V
• Overall reaction during discharge
CoO2 + LiC6 ↔ LiCoO2 + C6
Eoc = E+ - E- = 1 - (-3.01) = 4V

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Lithium-Ion Battery
• Ideal material
• Low density, lithium is light
• High reduction potential
• Largest energy density for weight
• Li-based cells are most compact ways of storing electrical energy
• Lower in energy density than lithium metal, lithium-ion is safe
• Energy density is twice of the standard nickel-cadmium
• No memory and no scheduled cycling is required to prolong battery
life

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Lithium-Ion Battery
• Advantages:
• It has a high specific energy (number of hours of operation for a given weight)
• Huge success for mobile applications such as phones and notebook
computers

• Disadvantages:
• Cost differential
• Not as apparent with small batteries (phones and computers)
• Automotive batteries are larger, cost becomes more significant
• Cell temperature is monitored to prevent temperature extremes
• No established system for recycling large lithium-ion batteries

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Intro to Tesla Motors
• Produces and Sells Electric Cars
• Founded: 2003
• Headquarters: Palo Alto, California
• Servers: US, Canada, Western Europe, Middle
East, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand
• Model S $71K - $94K, Model X available in 2015
• 6000 employees
• Cars built in Fremont, CA (San Francisco suburb)
• 35,000 units expected to sell globally in 2014
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Lithium Rechargeable Batteries and Tesla
• High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities
• Relatively low self-discharge, less than half of nickel-based batteries
• Low Maintenance
• No periodic discharge needed
• No memory
• Energy density of lithium-ion is three times of the standard lead acid
• Cost of battery
• Almost twice of standard nickel-cadmium (40%)
• Five times that of the standard lead acid

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Tesla Model S
• The 85 kWh battery pack contains
• 7,104 lithium-ion battery cells
• 16 modules wired in series
• 14 in the flat section and 2 stacked on the front
• Each module has six groups of 74 cells wired in parallel
• The six groups are then wired in series within the module
• How many AA batteries does it at take to power the
Model S ~35,417
• Weigh approximately 320 kg
• 8 year infinite mile warranty on battery
• 350 to 400 VDC at ~200A Supercharging Station
• 110 VAC or 240 VAC charging voltages
• http://www.teslamotors.com/goelectric#charging
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Tesla’s New Gigafactory
• Opens 2017, Reno, Nevada
• Employ up to 6,500 people and pay ~ $25/hr
• Builds lithium-ion batteries
• Cost to build Gigafactory
• $5 Billion
• Nevada pitching in $1+ Billion in incentives
• $100 billion economic benefit over 20 years
• Factory will help Tesla move closer to mass producing $35,000 car
with 200 mile range
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Conclusion
• Companies or researchers are improving batteries
• Reduced charging time
• Increase amount of energy stored for size and weight
• Increase life span, number of charges
• Reduce Cost
• Any predictions on where we might be in the future vs today?
• Toyota’s goal 4X today battery energy density, and 600 mile range for 2020
• What cars, like Tesla, might be able to do in the future?
• Higher performance cars
• Faster re-charge time
• Increased mileage range on a charge
• Higher convenience level, similar to gas powered cars, more affordable

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