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Part B - System of Equations For Pipe Network
Part B - System of Equations For Pipe Network
Part B - System of Equations For Pipe Network
In branched system, NP = NJ – 1 → NL = 0
• Pseudo loop: are imaginary loop that begins from one tank to the
other tank.
• Pseudo loops are loops that do not close themself but considered for
solution to be energy consistent [ Nli … number of pseudo loops
required. Nli = NT – 1
• Pipes that was not appear in any energy equation in such networks
will appear in the pseudo-loop equation.
• For pseudo loop the energy equation is: L i i WS
h K Q 2
Pipe Network Analysis
• Equations for steady flow in networks
Q i 0 h K Q
L i i
2
0
Qout ve CW (+) : CCW (-)
Q-eqs. system :
Example (Cont.)
H-eqs. system :
Example (Cont.)
∆Q-eqs. system :
Example: Write down the ∆Q system of equations for the
following network
Valves in pipe network
h (K
L i K v / 2gA )Q 0
2
v i
2
Example with pumps and valves
Example with pumps and valves
(Cont.)
Q- system of equations:
Example(Cont.)
H- system of equations:
Example(Cont.)
open closed
open closed
Q-equations:
• Continuity @ nodes (Step 1)
• Energy @ loops (Step - 3 )
Analysis of Network Having
PRV / BPV
(H - equations)
1) Write the continuity equations for the network as usual (Not
effected with PRV / BPV).
2) Remove the PRV / BPV from the network replacing it with:
• an artificial reservoir is placed at downstream / upstream
(set) point with known HGL = Hset , and,
• an unknown head Hv at the upstream / downstream point.
3) Additional proportionality equations are obtained by: head
losses in the upstream and downstream portions of the pipe
containing the valve are proportional to these two lengths.
H-equations:
• Continuity @ nodes (Step 1) in terms of H.
• Additional Proportionality eqn.
Analysis of Network Having
PRV / BPV
(∆Q - equations)
1) Find out the ∆Q set of loops for the original network upon
which we know the discharge in each pipe.
2) Remove the PRV / BPV from the network replacing it with:
• an artificial reservoir is placed at downstream / upstream
(set) point with known HGL = Hset , and,
• a Demand node at the upstream / downstream point with
unknown outflow.
3) Write the energy equations around the loops of this modified
network but using the original-network corrective flow.
Loop 2-3-7
Loop 1-7-4
Loop 4-5-6
H- system of
equations
H-equations:
• Continuity @ nodes (Step 1) in
terms of H.
• Additional Proportionality eqn.
∆Q- system of equations
Step (1):
Find out the ∆Q loops for
the network ignore the
presence of the PRV/BPV.
Step (3):
II
Write the energy
equation for the loops of
the modified network
with Qs from step(1). III
Loop I (2-3-7)
Pipe Discharge
1 Q1 - ∆Q3
2 Q2 +∆Q1- ∆Q3
Loop II (1-7-4) 3 Q3 -∆Q1+ ∆Q3
4 Q4 + ∆Q3
5 Q5 + ∆Q2
Loop III (4-5-6) 6 Q6 - ∆Q2
7 Q7 -∆Q1+∆Q2
Hardy Cross Method
for Pipe Network Analysis
1936
f (x n ) 0
f '(x n )
x n x n 1
f (x n ) 0 f '(x n ) (x n x n 1 )
Mathematical Review
Taylor’s Series
Mathematical Derivation:
• This can also be seen from Taylor’s Series.
• Assume we have a guess, x0, close to the actual root.
Expand f(x) about this point.
x n 1 x n x
x 2
f (x n x ) f (x n ) xf (x n ) f (x n ) 0
2!
• If dx is small, then dxn quickly goes to zero.
f (x n )
x x n 1 x n
f (x n )
Mathematical Review
Finding Zeros of a function:
An illustrative Example
Convergence
Local Convergence
Convergence Depends on a Good Initial Guess
f(x)
1 1
x x
2 0 0 X
x x x
Hardy Cross Method (Cot.)
Based on Previous Numerical
Analysis Review
F (Q ) K i (Q i ) n 0
h L ,i
n i K i (Q i ) n 1
n h i L ,i / Qi
Hardy Cross Method (Cot.)
0 real loop
where W S
W S end W S start imaginary loop
n pipe
F (Q i ) K i (Q i ) ni K v / 2 gA 2v (Q i ) 2 h p hT W S
Q i
F (Q i ) n pipe
d h p d hT
n i 1
n i K i (Q i ) K v / gA v (Q i ) dQ dQ
2
i i i
n pipe
K i (Q i ) ni K v / 2 gA 2v (Q i ) 2
A p B pQ i C pQ i 2 AT BT Q i C T Q i 2 W S
i
n pipe
n i K i (Q i ) ni 1 K v / gA 2v (Q i )
B p 2C pQ i BT 2C T Q i
i
Hardy Cross method
Calculation procedures
Steps in Hardy Cross Method:
1) Assume initial values Q 0 , for all pipes with continuity
satisfied at all nodes.
2) For each loop or path, calculate:
(k i Q i n )
Q
(n i k i Q i n 1 )
3) Update Q in each pipe and in each loop by :
Qi Q0 i Q
4) Checking ( 0.01 0.05 ) IF NO → Repeat steps 2, 3
until satisfied
Q i Q 0 i
Q i
IF Yes → Stop iterations
Construct the following Table
for each loop
1-Loop Network Example
First trial
Q
h L
0.0107
0.0688
2 h /Q
L i 2 (0.07775)
1-Loop Network Example
Solution (cont.)
Modify the flow rates for solution after 2 iterations
Pipe Discharge
(L/s)
AB 47.15
BC 27.15
CD -12.22
AD -52.22
2-Loops Network Example
of Hardy Cross Method
Solutions
Pipe Network Analysis
Sheet (3)
More Examples on Hardy
Cross Method
0.12 0.08
0.22
0.12 0.08
0.22
0.2
0.12 0.08
0.22
where
K io K i Qo i n 1
Solution of the Q-Method
using Linearization (Cont.)
• Let us carry out linearization of the following
set of equations:
Loop 1 2 3 : K 1 Qo 1n 1 Q1 K 2 Qo 2 n 1 Q 2 K 3 Qo 3n 1 Q 3 0
Loop 4 5 2 : K 4 Qo 4 n 1 Q 4 K 5 Qo 5 n 1 Q 5 K 2 Qo 2 n 1 Q 2 0
Solution of the Q-Method
using Linearization (Cont.)
Where:
Solution of the Q-Method
using Linearization (Cont.)
The value of the unknown {Qnew} can be obtained
using iteration as follow:
Where
Procedure for analysis by the
linear theory method
Step 1: Write Q-equations system
Step 2: Linearize the loop energy equation.
K i Q i n K i Qo i n 1 Q i K ioQ i
where , K io K i Qo i n 1
Step 3: Assume initial pipe discharges Qo1, Qo2, Qo3, . . . . It is not
necessary to satisfy continuity equations. Then, find K io .
Step 6: Repeat the process again until the calculated Qi values in two
consecutive iterations are close to predefined limits.
Q i Qo i 1103
Example
A single looped network as shown in figure has to be
analyzed by the Linear Theory Method for given inflow
and outflow discharges. The pipe diameters D and
lengths L are shown in the figure. Use Darcy–Weisbach
head loss–discharge relationship assuming a constant
friction factor f = 0.02.
Solution
• Thus, the above are the final pipe discharges as the two
iterations provide the same solution.
Inverse of Matrix A-1 ?!
Inverse of
Matrix A-1 ?!
(cont.)
Inverse of Matrix
A -1
?!
(one more example)
Matrix Multiplication(A-1 B) ?!
Newton Raphson Method
or simply
Newton Method
X = X - D F
m+1 m -1 m
Where,
x
[x] is an entire column vector of unknowns,
[F] is an entire column vector of equations,
and
[ D ]-1 is the inverse of Jacobian matrix [ D ].
Q = Q - D F
m+1 m -1 m
Example
(Q-eqns. System)
For the simple one loop network shown in figure,
find out the head at each node using the Newton
Method.
Solution
(Q-eqns. System)
Q = Q - D F
(2) (1) -1 (1)
Solution (cont.)
(Q-eqns. System)
• One more cycle (3rd iteration) would yield the
final solution:
Solving the H-equations
by Newton method
• If solving the equation with the heads as the
unknown, the vector [x] becomes the vector
[H]. And, the Jacobian [ D ] is,
H1 F1 F1 F1
H
H 1 H 2 H j
2 F2 F2
F2
H H 3 , D 1 2
H H H j
F j F j F j
H j H
1 H 2 H j
H = H - D F
m+1 m -1 m
Example - 1
(H-eqns. System)
H = H - D F
(1 ) (0) -1 (0)
H = H - D F
m+1 m -1 m
1
dH
Solution (cont.)
(H-eqns. System)
• The derivative is: