Training on Microwave Communication

                                              

Nilesh Patel

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 Content

 Introduction
 Types Communication / Characteristic
 Propagation
 Field survey
                                               
 Radio planning
 Hardware
 Application
 Queries

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Introduction

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 Types of Transmission Media

Copper

Fibre

  Microwave Radio
                                              

Satellite Communication

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 Advantages of Microwave system

Microwave radio offers a number of compelling advantages over cable/fiber-

based transmission

 Rapid Deployment
No right-of-way issues
  Flexibility
                                              
Easily crosses city terrain
Operator-owned infrastructure - no reliance on competitors.
Low start-up capital costs, which are independent of the link distance.
Minimal recurring operational costs.
Microwave radio is not susceptible to common catastrophic failure of cable
systems caused by cable cuts, and can be repaired in minutes instead of hours or
days.

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 Characteristics of MW

•MW are used for Point to Point and Point to Multi point Communication
•MW are electromagnetic radiation(EMR) with very short wavelength.

•MW wavelength varies from 2.5 to 15 Cm.

  •As MW have short wavelength they have considerably high frequency.

                                              

•MW frequency band is from 3 to 30 GHz.

•GHz band have very low Noise.

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 Modulation

Closely related to encoding is modulation, which specifically means taking

a wave and changing, or modulating it so that it carries information.

To give you an idea of what modulation is, examine three forms of

modifying, or modulating, a carrier wave to encode bits:

                                                
 AM (amplitude modulation) - the modulation, or height, of a
carrier sine wave is varied to carry the message

 FM (frequency modulation) - the frequency, or wiggly-ness, of

the carrier wave is varied to carry the message

 PM (phase modulation) - the phase, or beginning and ending

points of a given cycle, of the wave is varied to carry the
message
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 Modulation

Over the past few years a major transition has occurred from simple analog
Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency/Phase Modulation (FM/PM) to
new digital modulation techniques. Examples of digital modulation include
• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
• FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
• MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
                                                
• QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

Another layer of complexity in many new systems is multiplexing. Two

principal types of multiplexing (or “multiple access”) are TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
These are two different ways to add diversity to signals allowing different
signals to be separated from one another.
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 Modulation

There are only three characteristics of a signal that can be changed over
time: amplitude, phase or frequency. However, phase and frequency are
just different ways to view or measure the same signal change.

                                                

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 Noise

Noise is unwanted additions to:

 voltage
 optical
 electromagnetic signals

  No electrical signal
is without noise, however, it is important to keep
                                              

the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio as high as possible.

The S/N ratio is an engineering calculation and measurement which

involves dividing the signal strength by the noise strength.

Too much noise can corrupt a bit turning a binary 1 into a binary 0, or
a0

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 Types of Microwave Communicatiion

Point to Point Radio

                                                

Satellite Communication

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Propagation

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 Wave Propagation in the atmosphere

                                                

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Space diversity is used to minimize the effect of Multi path fading

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Field Survey

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                                                 Frequency Planning

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 Star NW

Linear NW
                                                

Ring NW

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 Terms & Terminology

Standard antennas have VSWR in range of 1.06 to 1.15. High performance

Antennas(Low VSWR antennas) Have a VSWR in range of 1.04 to1.06.

                                                

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Antenna gain depends on Antenna diameter and Frequency

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Diversity

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 It is called Combined diversity

                                                

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Interference

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 EMI/RFI

External sources of electrical impulses that can attack the quality of

electrical signals on the cable include:
 lighting
 electrical motors
 radio systems.
                                                

These types of interference are referred to as

 electromagnetic interference (EMI)
 radio frequency interference (RFI). 

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System Configuration

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 Connectivity through MW
Outdoor RF
from
6 GHz to 38 GHz

Outdoor Outdoor
Unit Unit

Single Coax Cable

  (Non-protected)
                                              
Indoor Unit Indoor Unit
Digital Modem Unit Digital Modem Unit

STM-1 Optical STM-1 Optical

(155 Mbps) (155 Mbps)

SDH
SDH Mux
Mux SDH
SDH Mux
Mux

63 x E1/ 3 x E3/ Mix 63 x E1/ 3 x E3/ Mix

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 System Configurations

Nonprotected transmitter and receiver NN 1+0

Monitored Hot Standby transmitter and receiver

                                                
HH 1+1

Monitored Hot Standby transmitter and space diversity receivers

( For 6-15 GHz Only) HS 1+1

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 Broad Frequency Range

Short Haul: 3 - 20 km
                                                
Long Haul: 20 - 60 km

38 GHz 6 GHz

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 Automatic Transmit Power Control

1. Automatic Power Control (ATPC) adjust the Tx output power based on

the varying signals at the receiver.

2. ATPC allows the Altium radio Tx Power amplifier to operate at two

possible levels.

  3. When fading happens, ATPC will switch to a high transmit output

                                              

power and maintains it at that level, until the fading condition is over.

4. Altium uses ATPC algorithm, the ATPC Manager, to monitor BER and
RSL. By Monitoring these criteria, the additional power (+7 dBm
ATPC On) required to maintain the link can be applied as necessary.

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 Automatic Transmit Power Control

RSL Fading

Stopped Fading ATPC Off

–6
10 Th + 15 dB
                                                

7 dB

7 dB
15 dB
-11
BER = 10

-6
BER = 10
ATPC On

Time
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 ODU

• The ODU converts data from the IDU into an RF signal

for transmission.
• It also converts the RF signal from the far end to
suitable data to transmit to the IDU.

                                                

RF Plug-in Module
•The RF Plug-in module consists of the RF transceiver assembly and
the IF assembly.

•Together with the synthesizer oscillator, the RF Plug-in module

performs the dual upconversion and dual downconversion function.

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 RF Distribution Module (Diplexer)
(Circulator)

The RF distribution module provides isolation

between the transmitted signal and the received
signal through filters and circulators.

                                                

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 RF Distribution Module
(Diplexer) Circulator

The receive filter

rejects any out-of-band
signal, which can RX
interfere with the
received signal.

                                                

The RF Distribution
module separates TX
the transmitted
signals from the
received signals and
connects to the
antenna either
directly or through a
waveguide.
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 Application Examples:

STM-1 Ring
                                                

ADM ADM

Non Protected Radios Cost Effective

Path Diversity Rapid Deployment
Possible
ADM
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 Application Examples:

MSC

BSC/MSC

Altium STM-1

Point-to-Point
  Capacity Trend
                                               PDH
Point-to-Point
Altium STM-1

Main Network
Base station

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 Application Examples:

ProVision
NetworkManagement

WANorLAN

                                                 PDHPDH
RadioSystems
Radio
System

ADM
(e.g. ECI )
RF RF
Digital ModemUnit Unit Unit Digital ModemUnit

RF RF
Digital ModemUnit Unit Unit Digital ModemUnit

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Thanks

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