Motivation

• Definition:
– 1) Internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied
need
– 2) Stimulus of behavior
 MOTIVATION-DEFINED.

• Motivation is the set of reasons that determines one

to engage in a particular behavior. The term is
generally used for human motivation but, theoretically,
it can be used to describe the causes for animal
behavior as well. This article refers to human
motivation. According to various theories, motivation
may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical
pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific
needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object,
hobby, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be
attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism,
morality, or avoiding mortality.
Content
Theories
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

• Alderfer’s ERG Theory

• McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need
Maslow’s theory is based on human
needs. He developed a coceptual
framework for understanding human
motivation. He was the opinion that every
individual has a complex set of
exceptionallly strong needs and the
behavior of an individual at a particular
moment of a time is usually determined by
his strongest need.
 Five needs
• Physiological needs
• Safety and security needs
• Social needs
• Esteem needs
• Self fulfilment needs
 Maslow
• 5th level: Self realization and fulfillment
• 4th level: Esteem and Status
• 3rd level: Affection and social activity
• 2nd level: Safety and security
• 1st level: Basic physiological needs
 Alderfer’s ERG
Theory
• Only 3 levels to the hierarchy:
1. Existence needs: material and physical needs
2. Relatedness needs: all needs that involve
other people
3. Growth needs: all needs involving creative
efforts and/or productive contributions
 McGregor’s Theory X and
Theory Y
McGregor’s introduced these two
theories i.e , Theory X and Theory Y ,
based on two ditinct views of human
beings. Theory X deals with one extreme,
based on one set of assumptions and
Theory Y, deal with another extreme,
based on another set of assumptions.
 Theory X
This theory is based on traditional
approach to human behavior. The
assumptions generally, held by the
manager in the theory are:
• The average human beings inherently
dislike work and will try to avoid it,
whenever possible.
• Average employees will try to avoid
responsibility.
 Theory Y
This approach assumes that management by
direction and control is a questionable method
for motivating such people whose physiological
and social needs have been satisfied. This
theory makes the following assumptions about
people :
• The average human being does not inherently
dislike work.
• Given proper working conditions, average
person can learn to accept and even to seek
responsibility.
Mc Clelland’s Learned Needs
Theory
• People learn their needs through life
experience
• 3 sets of needs:
–Need for Achievement: need to excel
–Need for Power: need to control or influence
others
–Need for Affiliation: need to associate with others.
Form interpersonal relationships