Artificial Intelligence

(Lecture-I )
Dr. Wajid Aziz
Kh_wajid@yahoo.com

Department of Computer &

Information Technology AJK
University Muzaffarabad (AK)

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 Layout

 Recommended Books
 Introductory Background
 What is AI
Various Definitions of AI
 Categorization of AI Definitions
Systems that act like human
Systems that think like human
Systems that think rationally
Systems that act rationally

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 Recommended Books

 Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig “Artificial

Intelligence A Modern Approach” Latest Edition
Prentice Hall.

 George F Luger & William A Stubblefield

“Artificial Intelligence Structures and Strategies
for Complex Problem Solving” 3rd Edition
Addison-Wesley.

 Ivan Bratko “ Prolog Programming for Artificial

Intelligence” 3rd Edition Pearson Education.

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 Introduction

 Humankind has given itself the scientific

name homo sapiens—Man the Wise

 The field of artificial intelligence, or AI,

attempts to understand intelligent entities.

 Thus, one reason to study AI is to learn more

about ourselves.

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 Introduction

 But unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also

concerned with intelligence, AI strives to:

 Build intelligent entities

 Understand them

 Another reason to study AI is that these constructed

intelligent entities are:

 Interesting, and
 Useful in their own right.

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 What is AI

 The public first became aware of the artificial

intelligence (AI) discipline in 1956, when the term was
coined as the theme for a conference at Darmouth
College.

 Since then, researchers have used concepts from

disciplines such as Psychology, Linguistics and
Computer Sciences to prepare programs or construct
systems to do tasks that no machine has ever done
automatically before.

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 Some Definitions of AI

 “The automation of activities that we

associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning ..."(Bellman, 1978).

 The exciting new effort to make computers

think . . . machines with minds, in the full
and literal sense" Haugeland, 1985).

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 Some Definitions of AI

 "The art of creating machines that perform

functions that require intelligence when
performed by people" (Kurzweil, 1990).

 "The study of how to make computers do

things at which, at the moment, people are
better" (Rich and Knight, 1991).

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 Some Definitions of AI

 "The study of mental faculties through

the use of computational models"
(Charniak and McDermott, 1985).

 "The study of the computations that

make it possible to perceive, reason, and
act“ (Winston, 1992).

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 Some Definitions of AI

 "A field of study that seeks to explain and

emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes" (Schalkoff, 1
990).

 "The branch of computer science that is

concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior" (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993).

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Categorization of AI Definitions

Categorization of AI Definitions
1. Systems that act like humans. 2. Systems that think like humans.

3. Systems that act rationally. 4. Systems that think rationally.

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 Categorization of AI Definitions

 These definitions vary along two main dimensions:

The ones on right are concerned with thought processes and reasoning.
The ones on the left address behavior.

 Also the definitions measure success

The ones on top measure success in terms of performance

The ones on the bottom measure success against the ideal concept of
intelligence called rationality.

 A System is said to be rational if it does the right things.

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 Acting humanly: Turing Test

 The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed

to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.

 Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve

human-level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool
an interrogator.

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 Acting humanly: Turing Test

 Roughly speaking, the test he proposed is that

the computer should be interrogated by a
human via a teletype, and passes the test if
the interrogator cannot tell if there is a
computer or a human at the other end.

 The computer would need to possess the

following capabilities to pass the Turing Test.

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 Acting humanly: Turing Test

 Natural Language Processing to enable it to

communicate successfully in English (or some other
human language).

 Knowledge Representation to store information

provided before or during the interrogation.

 Automated Reasoning to use the stored information to

answer questions and to draw new conclusions.

 Machine Learning to adapt to new circumstances and to

detect and extrapolate patterns.

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 Acting humanly: Turing Test

 To Pass Total Turing Test, the Computer will

need:

Computer Vision to perceive objects.

robotics to move them about.

 The issue of acting like a human comes up

primarily when AI programs have to interact
with people.

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 Thinking humanly: The cognitive
modeling approach

 If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we

must have some way of determining how humans think.

 We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds.

 There are two ways to do this:

 Through introspection—trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by

 Through psychological experiments.

 The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together

computer models from AI and experimental techniques from
psychology to try to construct precise and testable theories of the
workings of the human mind.

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