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Me 259 Lecture Slides 1
Me 259 Lecture Slides 1
Heat Transfer
Lecture Slides I
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Introduction
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Heat Transfer as a Course
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Relevance of Heat Transfer
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Definition of Heat Transfer
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Heat Quantities
Quantity Text Notation SI Unit English Unit
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Relationship Between the Study of
Heat Transfer & Thermodynamics
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Heat Transfer Modes
Conduction
– transfer of heat due to random molecular or
atomic motion within a material (aka
diffusion)
– most important in solids
Convection
– transfer of heat between a solid surface
and fluid due to combined mechanisms of
a) diffusion at surface; b) bulk fluid flow
within boundary layer
Radiation
– transfer of heat due to emission of
electromagnetic waves, usually between
surfaces separated by a gas or vacuum
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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction
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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction
q (T1>T2)
dT
qx constant k
dx
dT
if k constant, then constant
dx
dT T2 T1 T T
, qx k 1 2
dx L L
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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction
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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction
Insulation “R-value”:
L ft
" R - value"
Btu
k
hr - ft - F
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Heat Transfer Modes - Convection
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Heat Transfer Modes - Convection
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Heat Transfer Modes - Convection
Types of Convection
– Forced convection: flow caused by an
external source such as a fan, pump, or
atmospheric wind
– Free (or natural) convection: flow induced
by buoyancy forces such as that from a
heated plate
– Phase change convection: flow and latent
heat exchange associated with boiling or
condensation
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Heat Transfer Modes - Radiation
Rate equation is the Stefan-Boltzmann law which gives
the energy flux due to thermal radiation that is emitted
from a surface; for a black body:
Eb Ts4
For non-black bodies,
E Ts4
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Heat Transfer Modes - Radiation
G
G
where
G = irradiation (incident radiation)
= reflectivity (fraction of G that is reflected)
= transmissivity (fraction of G that is transmitted
= absorptivity (fraction of G that is absorbed)
= emissivity (fraction of black body emission)
Tsur
q
, As Ts
mass in W
– from thermodynamics:
i ui Pi vi Vi2 / 2 gzi
Q W m
i
e e e e e / 2 gze
dEcv
m u P v V 2
e dt
Ein Eout E g E st
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Conservation of Energy – Control
Volume
Energy rates:
E in all heat and work rates entering CV
E out all heat and work rates exiting CV
E rate of energy generationwithin CV
g
– where:
dT
Est cvV for ideal gases and
dt
incompressible substances
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Conservation of Energy – Control
Surface
Ein
E in E out 0
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Summary: The Laws Governing
Heat Transfer
Fundamental Laws
– Conservation of mass
– Conservation of momentum
– Conservation of energy
Heat Rate Laws
– Fourier’s law of heat conduction
– Newton’s law of convection
– Stefan-Boltzmann law for radiation
Supplementary Laws
– Second law of thermodynamics
– Equations of state:
» ideal gas law
» tabulated thermodynamic properties
» caloric equation (definition of specific heat)
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Objectives of a Heat Transfer
Calculation
ANALYSIS
– Calculate T(x,y,z,t) or q for a system
undergoing a specified process
» e.g., calculate daily heat loss from a house
» e.g., calculate operating temperature of a
semiconductor chip with heat sink/fan
DESIGN
– Determine a configuration and operating
conditions that yield a specified T(x,y,z,t) or q
» e.g., determine insulation needed to meet a
specified daily heat loss from a house
» e.g., determine heat sink and/or fan needed to keep
operating temperature of a semiconductor chip
below a specified value
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Classes of Heat Transfer Problems
Thermal Barriers
– insulation
– radiation shields
Heat Transfer Enhancement (heat
exchangers)
– boilers, evaporators, condensers, etc.
– solar collectors
– finned surfaces
Temperature Control
– cooling of electronic components
– heat treating & quenching of metals
– minimizing thermal stress
– heating appliances (toaster, oven, etc.)
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