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Dryer Control: in Order To Control Any Process, We Need A Good Understanding of The Process Itself
Dryer Control: in Order To Control Any Process, We Need A Good Understanding of The Process Itself
Dryer Control: in Order To Control Any Process, We Need A Good Understanding of The Process Itself
Dry Material
Solid drying process is very complex
with micro and nano mechanisms
Liquid movement due to capillary forces
Diffusion due to concentration gradients
Liquid vapor flow due to pressure differences
Vapor diffusion due to vapor pressure differences,
concentration differences
Osmotic pressure created by colloidal bodies has
soluble and insoluble fractions
Vapor Effusion – A relationship of vapor flow to pore
diameter
Thermodiffusion
Vaporization-condensation mechanism
Macro Drying Process
This program will not study these nano
and micro relationships; we will develop
our controls based on the macro
mechanisms
What is the Drying Process …
Drying - water liquid vaporization; not as
efficient as centrifuge, 1050 BTU/lb of water
removed.
Final moisture varies “dried” table salt
contains 0.5 % water, dried coal 4%.
Solids can have many different forms, flakes,
granules, crystals, powders, etc. The liquid
can be on the surface, within the surface in
cellular structures, such as wood. Consider
the method of handling, dusting, rough or
gentle treatment.
Equilibrium Moisture
The solid’s moisture content is a
function of the humidity of the drying air.
The moisture cannot be lower than the
equilibrium moisture content
corresponding the humidity of the
incoming air.
50% RH air equilibrium moisture
Wool 12.5 % Newspaper 5.5%
The Drying Process can be described in several
ways…
Classifications
Adiabatic Dryers are the type where the solids are dried
by direct contact with gases, usually forced air. With
these dryers, moisture is on the surface of the solid.
60 0.0 4
55
0.0 35
Tw Wet Bulb Temperature Lines 50
0.0 3
45
http://www.aktonassoc.com/
Properties shown on psychometric chart…
7071.3
p 2.04466 * 10 * exp
6
t 385.0
G
C(
Ti
To)F
wHv
To
G dFw
Hv
Water heat of
vaporization
dA T
a R
Evaporation Model; Air temperature decreases as the moisture is removed from the solid
lbs 1
R a
hr ft 2 F
Batch Drying
As the air passes over the moist solid, the air
temperature will fall by dT G
Cd td Fw Hv
10 points credit
Constant rate – Falling rate
The fraction term can be defined as
K*
1 e Kw *
1 e Kw*
To Toc
* Ti 1
1 e 1 e
Kwc Kwc
T
T*
cK
o
o T
i1K * *
Batch Dryer
This method calculates the outlet
temperature required to obtain specified
moisture in a batch dryer. It uses
inferential moisture calculation based on
temperature difference.
A better approach can be taken if the
dryer constant, K, is recalculated each
time.
Mass Transfer Equations
Rate of Evaporation
hv (T Ti ) A
m
li
m evaporation Rate
hv heat transfer coefficient
T inlet gas temperature
Ti interface temperature or Wet Bulb Temperature
A Area
li heat of vaporization BTU/lb
Heat Transfer coefficient can be
estimated as
0.026G 0.6
hy 0.4
De
Product Moisture
Calculation
Tin
w
Air Fan
Rotary Dryer Counter Current Flow
Heater
Natural Gas
Dry Product
Out
The relationship between outlet moisture
and the temperatures are:
tw tw_ctrl
f f
x(1)
dryer simulation
x(2) x(3)
tout
tout_process1 tout_process2 time tout_well
lag lag
delay