ELS2202 Electronics I

16
Frequency Effects

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DEL

Jl Sisingamangaraja, Tobasamosir (22381), Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
telp +62632331234, fax +626323311116, www.del.ac.id
Frequency Effects

Chapter 16
 The frequency response curve of an ac amplifier

Amid
0.707 Amid

f
f1 10f1 0.1f2 f2

The midband

The gain is maximum in the midband.

Thethe
Also called cutoff frequencies
half-power frequencies
 Review of logarithms
• A logarithm is an exponent
• y
If x = 10 , then y = log10x
• y = log 10 = 1
• y = log 100 = 2
• y = log 1000 = 3
• y = log 0.1 = -1
• y = log 0.01 = -2
• y = log 0.001 = -3
 Definition of GdB
• G = pout/pin
• GdB = 10 log G
• Memorize:
– if G = 2, GdB = +3
– if G = 0.5, GdB = -3
– if G = 10, GdB = +10
– if G = 0.1, GdB = -10
 Definition of AdB
• A = vout/vin
• Adb = 20 log A
• Memorize:
> if A = 2, AdB = +6
> if A = 0.5, AdB = -6
> if A = 10, AdB = +20
> if A = 0.1, AdB = -20
• Cascade: A = A1A2, AdB = A1dB + A2dB
 More on the decibel
• GdB = AdB only if impedance matched
• G = antilog GdB/10
• A = antilog AdB/20
• PdBm = 10 log P/1 mW
• P = antilog PdBm/10
• VdBV = 20 log V
• V = antilog VdBV/20
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Linear scale

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Logarithmic scale

A logarithmic scale compresses large values

and allows a large range to be covered
without losing resolution for the smaller values.
 Bode plots
• Use semilogarithmic graph paper (the
horizontal axis is logarithmic; the vertical
is linear)
• Plot dB voltage gain on the vertical axis
• Plot frequency on the horizontal axis
• An octave refers to a ratio of 2
• A decade refers to a ratio of 10
 Ideal Bode plot of an ac amplifier
Cutoff (-3dB) frequencies*
50 dB
Midband
40 dB gain

30 dB
20 dB/decade
20 dB rolloff

10 dB

0 dB
10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz

Unity gain *also called corner or Unity gain

frequency break frequencies frequency
Amplitude response R
of RC lag circuit
1
f2 =
2pRC C
1
A=
f 2
1+ ( )
f2
f2 10f2 100f2 1000f2
0 dB

-20 dB

-40 dB

-60 dB
 R
Angular response
of RC lag circuit
C
f
f = -arctan
f2

0.1f2 f2 10f2
0o

-45o

-90o
 Ideal Bode plot of a dc amplifier
with two break frequencies.
50 dB

40 dB
20 dB/decade
30 dB

20 dB

10 dB 40 dB/decade

0 dB
10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz
fb1 fb2
 C
Inverting
vin amplifier vout
A
Inverting amplifier with feedback capacitor

Inverting
vin Cin amplifier Cout vout
A
Miller equivalent circuit
Cin = C(A+1) A+1
Cout = C
A
 Frequency compensation
• Most op amps are internally
compensated to prevent oscillations
• One dominant internal compensation
capacitor rolls off the gain at 20
dB/decade
• IC capacitors are limited to the pF range
• The Miller effect makes the internal
compensation capacitor equivalent to a
much larger capacitor
Square-wave response of a circuit with limited bandwidth
R
V
C
0

V
TR = 2.2RC 0.9V

0.35
fcutoff =
TR 0.1V
0
TR
 Cutoff frequency of input coupling capacitor

zin(stage) = R1 R2 bre’ +VCC

A
1 f
f1 = RC f1
2p(RG + zin(stage))C
R1
RG
RL
C
vG
R2 RE
Cutoff frequency of output coupling capacitor

+VCC
A
1 f
f1 = RC f1
2p(RC + RL)C
R1
RG C
RL

vG
R2 RE
 Cutoff frequency of emitter bypass capacitor
R1 R2 RG
zout = RE ( re’ +
b ) +VCC
A

f
1 RC f1
f1 =
2p zoutC R1
RG
RL

vG
R2 RE C
 Combined frequency effects
• The input coupling, output coupling, and
emitter bypass capacitors each produce a
cutoff frequency.
• One is usually dominant (the highest
frequency) and produces a rolloff of 20
dB/decade as frequency decreases.
• When the next cutoff is reached, the gain
rolloff increases to 40 dB/decade.
• When the third is reached, it becomes 60
dB/decade.
 Base and collector bypass circuits
C’c
A

f
C’e f2

CMiller Cstray

CMiller C’e
 Bypass circuits
• The base bypass circuit contains the
internal base-emitter capacitance (C’e)
and the Miller capacitance due to the
internal collector-base feedback
capacitance (C’c)
• The collector bypass circuit contains the
Miller capacitance and the stray (wiring)
capacitance.