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The Chemical Composition of Cells
The Chemical Composition of Cells
The Chemical
Composition of Cells
Learning Objectives- 1
Understand the Structure of the Molecular
Components of Living Organisms
Carbohydrates, which supply and store energy and
serve as structural building blocks, include sugars and
polymers of sugars.
Proteins, which catalyze reactions and are structural
building blocks, are polymers of amino acids.
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA, which code and
express genetic information, are polymers of
nucleotides.
Lipids are membrane components consisting mainly of
carbon and hydrogen atoms derived from acetates and
other molecules.
Secondary metabolites such as phenolics, alkaloids,
and terpenoids often protect or strengthen plants.
Learning Objectives -2
To Understand Energy and Chemical Reactions
Energy can be stored and can move or change matter .
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Discuss the properties of water,
and explain the importance of
water to life
Water
Has a strong dissolving ability
Molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another
(cohesion)
Molecules form hydrogen bonds to substances with
transport
All living things require water to survive
Almost all chemical reactions that sustain life occur
in aqueous solution
High Melting & Freezing Points
water_polarity.html
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Describe the chemical
compositions and functions of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids
KEY TERMS
CARBOHYDRATE
An organic compound containing
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in
the approximate ratio of 1C:2H:1O
Carbohydrates 1
Include sugars, starches, cellulose
Important fuel molecules,
components of molecules (nucleic
acids) and cell walls
Carbohydrates 2
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
Disaccharides
two monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides
many monosaccharide units
Common
Monosaccharides
Sucrose Synthesis
Starch: A Storage
Polysaccharide
Cellulose: A Structural
Polysaccharide
KEY TERMS
LIPID
Any of a group of organic
composed of nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
Control the cell’s life processes
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Transmits information from one
generation to the next
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Involved in protein synthesis
Nucleotides
Repeating units that form nucleic acids
Order of nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain
determines the specific information encoded
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A modified nucleotide compound important in
energy transfers in biological systems
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA Replication
Animation
http://www.visionlearning.com/libra
ry/module_viewer.php?
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KEY TERMS
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
(ATP)
An organic compound of prime
importance for energy transfers in
biological systems
ATP
ATP is a nucleotide that performs many
essential roles in the cell.
It is the major energy currency of the
cell, providing the energy for most of the
energy-consuming activities of the cell.
It is one of the monomers used in the
synthesis of RNA and, after conversion
to deoxyATP (dATP), DNA.
It regulates many biochemical pathways.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Discuss the role of enzymes in
cells
KEY TERMS
ENZYME
An organic catalyst, produced
within an organism, that
accelerates specific chemical
reactions
ACTIVATION ENERGY
The energy required to initiate a
chemical reaction
Enzymes
Speed up a chemical reaction by
lowering its activation energy (energy
needed to initiate the reaction)
Most enzymes are highly specific
and catalyze only a single chemical
reaction
Without enzymes, chemical reactions
in cells would occur too slowly to
support life
Enzymes and Activation
Energy
Enzyme-Substrate
Complex
Energy & Chemical
Reactions
Energy can be stored and can move
or change matter: Potential energy is
stored energy, while kinetic energy is
energy having to do with motion.
The first law of thermodynamics states
energy can be harnessed and
transformed but not created or
destroyed.
The second law of thermodynamics
states that every transfer of energy
increases the entropy (disorder) of
matter in the universe.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
State the first and second laws of
thermodynamics, and describe
how each applies to plants and
other organisms
KEY TERMS
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although
it can be transformed from one form to another
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
When energy is converted from one form to
another, some of it is degraded into a lower-
quality, less useful form
Energy
The ability to do work
Plants and other organisms cannot
create the energy they require to
live, but must capture energy from
the environment and use it to do
biological work
Potential
and Kinetic
Energy
Entropy
Continuously increases in the universe
as usable energy is converted to
lower-quality, less usable form (heat)
As each energy transformation occurs
in organisms, some energy changes to
heat
Given off into the surroundings
Can never be used again for biological
work
Animation: Activation
Energy
water_polarity.html
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Secondary Metabolites
Secondary metabolites
such as phenolics,
alkaloids, and terpenoids
often protect or strengthen
plants