The document discusses per-unit representation in power systems. It defines the per-unit system and the relationships between base values when two quantities like voltage and power are chosen. Examples are provided to calculate per-unit quantities for impedance, current, voltage, and power for single-phase and three-phase systems. It also discusses calculating per-unit values referred to different sides of transformers and converting per-unit values between different bases.
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The document discusses per-unit representation in power systems. It defines the per-unit system and the relationships between base values when two quantities like voltage and power are chosen. Examples are provided to calculate per-unit quantities for impedance, current, voltage, and power for single-phase and three-phase systems. It also discusses calculating per-unit values referred to different sides of transformers and converting per-unit values between different bases.
The document discusses per-unit representation in power systems. It defines the per-unit system and the relationships between base values when two quantities like voltage and power are chosen. Examples are provided to calculate per-unit quantities for impedance, current, voltage, and power for single-phase and three-phase systems. It also discusses calculating per-unit values referred to different sides of transformers and converting per-unit values between different bases.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document discusses per-unit representation in power systems. It defines the per-unit system and the relationships between base values when two quantities like voltage and power are chosen. Examples are provided to calculate per-unit quantities for impedance, current, voltage, and power for single-phase and three-phase systems. It also discusses calculating per-unit values referred to different sides of transformers and converting per-unit values between different bases.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
extensively in power system calculations. • The definition of the per-unit value of any quantity is given as: • If any two of these quantities are chosen arbitrarily, the other two become fixed. For example, selecting base values for voltage and power fixes the base values for current and impedance. Therefore, on a per phase basis the following relationships hold:
base VA
base power = base VA base impedance
base voltage2 baseVA Example • Calculate the base impedance and base current for a single-phase system if the base voltage is 7.2 kV and the base apparent power is 10 MVA. Per unit impedances in single phase transformers • The ohmic values of resistance and leakage reactance of a transformer depend on whether they are measured on the high or low tension side of the transformer. • If they are expressed in per unit, the base volt-amperes is understood to be the rating of the transformer. • The base voltage is understood to be the voltage rating of the low tension winding if the ohmic values of resistance and leakage reactance are referred to the low tension side of the transformer and to be the voltage rating of the high tension winding if they are referred to the high tension side of the transformer. Example • A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance measured from the low tension side is 0.06 ohms. Determine leakage reactance in per unit. Solution base impedance base voltage2 baseVA • Base voltage for the LTS=110 v • Base VA = 2500 VA • Low tension base impedance = 110^2/2500 = 4.84 ohms • Xpu = 0.06/4.84 = 0.0124 pu • If leakage reactance had been measured on the high tension side, the value would be: • X = 0.06 (440/110)^2 = 0.96 ohms. • Base voltage for the HTS=440 v • High tension base impedance = 440^2/2500 = 77.5 ohms • Xpu = 0.96/77.5 = 0.0124 pu Three phase system Example • A three-phase system delivers 18,000 kW to a pure resistive wye-connected load. The line-to- line voltage at the load terminals is 108 kV. Assuming the three-phase power base is 30,000 kVA and the voltage base is 120 kV, find the following per unit quantities for the load: • a) the per unit voltage, • b) the per unit power, • c) the per unit current, and • d) the per unit impedance. Example • A three phase transformer is rated 220Y/22 Δ kV, 400 MVA. Leakage reactance measured from the low voltage side is 0.121 ohms. Determine leakage reactance in per unit. solution • Base voltage at the LVS = 22kv • Base MVA = 400 MVA • Base impedance at the LVS = 22000^2/400,000000 = 1.21 ohms • Leakage reactance = 0.121/1.21 = 0.1 pu Example • Three single phase transformers are rated 38.1 Y/3.81 Δ kV, 25 MVA each and connected to 0.6 Y resistor at the LTS. Calculate the per unit resistance load. • Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high tension side of the transformer. solution • The rating of the transformer as a three phase transformer: 25*3 = 75 MVA & 38.1* 3 Y/ Δ 3.81 kV = 75 MVA & 66 /3.81 kV The base quantities for the LTS:75 MVA & 66*(3.81/66)= 3.81 kV Base impedance for the LTS = 3.81^2/75 = 0.1935 ohms RL = 0.6/0.1935 = 3.1 pu Alternatively Base impedance for the HTS = 66^2/75 = 58.1 ohms RL referred to the HTS = 0.6*(66/3.81)^2 = 180 ohms RL = 180/58.1 = 3.1 pu Changing the Base of Per-Unit Quantities • Often the per-unit impedance of a component of a system is expressed on a base other than the one selected as base for the part of the system in which the component is located. • It is necessary to have a means of converting per-unit impedances from one base to another. Example • The per phase reactance of a three-phase, 220 kV, 6.25 kVA transmission line is 8.4 ohms. Find the reactance value in per unit, based on the rated values of the line. Convert the per unit reactance value to a 230 kV, 7.5 kVA base.