GL2:1

Engineering Communications GL2

Geometric modelling
Projection Systems

• Lecture presentations available on WWW:

http://www.mame.mu.oz.au/~mcg/EngCom
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A graphic is a representation
on a 2-D surface of a 3-D scene
• An artist may attempt to
create a ‘realistic’ image.
• Note the use of
perspective.
• In fact, there are
distortions in this
picture, and it does not
create the same
projection on the retina
as a real scene would.
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Meaning may be communicated

better by deliberate distortion
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In engineering graphics:

• a variety of types of distorted images

are available to communicate meaning
• strict rules apply to the construction and
interpretation of these images
• a universal language of graphic
communication is thus achieved
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2-D projection

View point
3-D object

Projection
rays

Perspective
projection

Projection plane

Engineering graphics are obtained by projection

from the 3-D object to the viewing surface (the
projection plane)
 Types of GL2:6

projection
• Perspective projection is
rarely used in manual
drawing

• Rather, we us a variety of
orthographic projections,
for which the projection
rays are parallel
 GL2:7
View
2-D projection
point
at 

3-D object Parallel

projection
rays

Projection plane

In orthographic projection, the projection

rays are parallel (view point at infinity)
Perspective projection is useful for
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‘non technical’ communications

Perspective renderings for marketing, etc. are readily
obtained with computer-aided drawing (CAD) systems
 Projection techniques
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Orthogonal (multiview) Axonometric

Bertoline, et al. Fig. 9.2

Oblique Perspective
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Categories of orthographic projection

Orthographic projection
( Parallel projectors)

Orthogonal Axonometric Oblique

Normal to Normal to Inclined to

Projectors
projection plane projection plane projection plane

Principal Parallel to Inclined to Parallel to

plane of projection plane projection plane projection plane
object
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Third-angle orthogonal projection

Top view Top horizontal plane
Glass projection box

First quadrant
Third quadrant

Left
Front
side
vertical
view
plane

Left profile plane Front view

 GL2:12
Third-angle orthogonal projection
horizontal plane

horizontal plane

depth
vertical
plane
depth behind width
top
vertical plane
(plan
depth depth behind
)
left
profile
vertical plane height below view
horizontal plane
plane

left height
fron
side t
view view
left profile plane vertical plane
 GL2:13

Axonometric projection
• Lines of sight perpendicular to projection plane
• Principal axes all inclined to projection plane
TRIMETRIC DIMETRIC ISOMETRIC
C
C C

A
B
B A B A
z
z z
y x x y x
y
Example: Example: Always:
A=120º B=130º C=110º A=C=131.5º B=97º A = B = C = 120º
x:y:z = 1 : 0.808 : 0.938 x : y : z = 0.5 : 1 : 1 x:y:z=1:1:1
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Z Isometric projection

A B isometric projection

projection plane
0.816

 b A = B = C = 120°
 = b = 30°
C
X Y
Scale ratios = (2/3) = 0.816
X:Y:Z=1:1:1
For an isometric drawing, scale = FS on each axis
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Oblique projection

Full scale

 Scale = cot

Full scale

Principal object face parallel to projection plane

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Varieties of oblique projection

Cavalier

Cabinet

General
 Isometric sketch
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width

Top view

Set square

height
T-square

Side view Front view

 Projections of a cube compared ...
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Oblique
(Cabinet)
Isometric

Full scale
45º

Full scale radius = 1

60º 30º 30º

semi-minor axis = (1/2)

semi-major axis = (3/2)

 GL2:19

Introduction to
Cartesio
software
(download from
EngCom homepage)
 GL2:20

Follow up
• Read Bertoline:
–§ 4.5: Introduction to Projections
–§ 8.1: Projection Theory
–§ 8.2: Multiview Projection Planes
–§ 8.3:Advantages of Multiview Drawings
• Do problems from Bertoline:
– Probs 4.2(6)(47), 4.3(2)(6)
• Check the EngCom web site