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Chapter 6 - Chemical Bonds
Chapter 6 - Chemical Bonds
Chapter 6 - Chemical Bonds
Li + F Li+ F - (LiF)
1s22s1 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s22s22p6
Li Li+ + e-
e- + F F -
Li+ + F - Li+ F -
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-
O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
double bonds
Bond Lengths
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond
COMPARISON OF GENERAL PROPERTIES
OF IONIC COMPOUND AND COVALENT
COMPOUND
F N F
F
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32- ).
formal charge
on C
= -1
H C O H
formal charge
on O
=+1
formal charge
H on C
=0
C O
H formal charge
on O
=0
Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H
Resonance Structure
A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures
for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by
only one Lewis structure.
+ - - +
O O O O O O
- - - -
O C O O C O O C O
O O O
- -
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-
Odd-Electron Molecules
N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-
The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
Dative Covalent Bond /
Coordinate Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which one of the atoms
donates both electrons.
Examples:
- NH4+, NH3AlCl3, NH3BF3
Hybridization
Hybridization – mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to
Predict correct
bond angle
Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals
Formation of sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
How to predict the hybridization of the central atom?
1. Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule.
2. Count the number of lone pairs AND the number of
atoms bonded to the central atom
# of Lone Pairs
+
# of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
2 sp BeCl2
3 sp2 BF3
5 sp3d PCl5
6 sp3d2 SF6
sp3 Hybridization of Carbon
Example: CH4
Ground state
2s 2p
Promotion of
electron
2s 2p
sp3 hybridized
state
sp3 orbitals
sp2 Hybridization of Carbon
Example: C2H4
Bonding in Ethylene, C2H4
H
C O
H
C – 3 bonded atoms, 0 lone pairs
C – sp2
Sigma (s) and Pi Bonds
(p)
Single bond 1 sigma bond
H
O
σ bonds = 6+ 1 = 7
H C C O H
π bonds = 1
H
Intermolecular
Forces
Intermolecular forces: attractive forces between
molecules.
Van der Waals forces:
- the attractive or repulsive force between molecules
due to covalent bonds or to the electrostatic
interaction of ions with one another or with neutral
molecules.
The term includes:
- permanent dipole–permanent dipole forces
- instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole
(London dispersion force). Examples: interaction
between H2, Cl2, F2, CH4
Hydrogen Bond
A H…B or A H…A
A & B are N, O, or F
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a “special”
dipole-dipole interaction?