Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members Sign Convention. Before presenting a method for finding the intern an “Ee normal force, shear force, and bending moment, we will need to establish . Sai convention to define their “positive” and “negative” values.” Alhoug the choiee is arbitrary, the sign convention wo be udopted here has been widel accepted in structural engineering practice, and is illustrated in Fig. 4-1, On the /eft-hand face of the cut member the normal force N acts to the righ the internal shear force V acts downward, and the moment M aets courte clockwise, In accordance with Newton's third law, an equal but opposi normal force, shear force, and bending moment must xet on the right-har face of the member at the section, Perhaps an easy way Lo remember th sign convention is 10 isolate a small segment of the member and note th positive normal force tends to elongate the segment, Fig. 4-10: positi shear tends to rotate the segment clockwise, Fig. 4—le: and positive bene ing moment tends to bend the semen! concave upwat{, s0 a8 0 “hold water Fig. 41d t wDetermine the internal shear and moment acting in the cantilever beam shown in Fig, 42a at sections passing through points C and D. SKN SEN SAN SKN SAN } Joo-8 ® o Segment CB, Fig. 42h: +T XP. = 0; Ve > 0 ve= ISN Ans. wean Me~ 51) ~ 512) ~ 50) ~ 200 Me= 304m Ans Seginen DB, Fg. 4-2 HTEE=0; Vp 5-5-0 se) ste sw sey v, = 204N ns, ww fin | om (+2M, =O; =M,~ 5a) ~ 5) ~ 5) 20= 0 ) AN My = —SOKNem Ans, .———— # ¥ P This example illustrates that she shear force is different on either side fof the concentrated tore while the moment remains the same. It is ambiguous (@ determine the shear directly under a concentrated force.Determine the internal shear and moment act point C in the beam shown in Fig. 43a, SOLUTION Support Reactions. Replacing the distributed load by its resultant force and computing the feactions yields the results shown in Fig. 4~36. Free-Body Diagram. Segment AC will be considered since it yields the implest solution, Fiz. 4—3c. The distributed load intensity at C is com- puted by proportion, that is, of we = (F181) k/ft) = 1 k/fe Equations of Equilibrium +TER = 0; 9-3-Ve=0 = Ok Ans. (+ 2M, = 0; — -9(6) +302) + Me=0 Me =4RK-R Ans. ‘This problem iljustrates the importance of keeping the distributed load- ing on the beam until afier the beam is sectioned. If the beam in Fig. 4~3b were sectioned at C, the effect of the distributed load on segment AC would not be recognized, and the result V- = 9 k and Mc = 54 k-ft would be wrong.