ENERGY SECURITY

BY
NUCLEAR POWER

By Nilesh Amber

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CONTENTS

 Present energy Scenario in INDIA

 Road Ahead
 How do we reach there?
 Nuclear Energy
 The Three stage plan
 Cost considerations
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 TATA Power ± opportunities ahead
 Conclusion
Present Energy scenario-INDIA

ndia has a o al of 8 6 ins alled Source CAPACITY

genera ing ca aci diversified across various (MW)
sources.
Thermal 93255
Hydro 37375
dro
% Renewables 13415

Nuclear 4120

ene a les T hermal reaku

%
ie se l
as
%
6%

uclear
Thermal % oa l
6 % 8 %
ndia o al ns alled ~ 8

 Thermal includes coal, gas and diesel

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!



D
 THE ROAD AHEAD

India needs to run the wheels of development D growth

and maintain the spectacular growth rates
9 20 9 00
achieved in recent years 30 0

20

rowth
30

A sustained economic growth of at least 9

over the next 25-30 years is necessary for
India to eradicate poverty and meet its larger
human development goals
2003 200 2005 200 200 200
ear

 
  

 

    
    




THE ROAD AHEAD


 
 

  

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OUR RESOURCES

Thermal Power plants (Coal, Gas, Oil)

Hydro Electric Power Plants

Renewable Sources( Wind, Solar, Geothermal)

Nuclear Power Plants


OUR RESOURCES

COAL
With the increase in the energy demand, the requirement of coal-the dominant fuel,
will increase from present 490MT in 0 -09 to about 2-3 BT in 2031-2032

India has large coal deposits, but with such expanded usage, coal supplies may
come under stress much before the end of the century and much of the nown mineable
Coal may run out in 45-50 years
Coal with other fossil fuels being the major source of GHGs being pumped in the
atmosphere, do not pose a green solution to the huge energy deficit of the country

HYDROELECTRIC

Is a source of cheap and clean energy

Population growth and R&R issues can hold bac further developments in this sector
Moreover Hydro resources are also limited and can meet less than 10 of the
projected electricity demand

ÿ
 OUR RESOURCES

RENEWABLE ENERGY

@



 - In India has the potential to generate about 10000 MW, but has
to go a long way to tap this potential



 ± Inexhaustible and abundant source of energy, but this sector needs a
big technological brea through to convert it into a base load serving option



 ± Limited to specific geographical locations and highly climate dependent.
Also limited to small generating capacity.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Till last year was suffering from poor availability of fuel.

The historic INDO-US nuclear deal signed in 200 has opened gates to this vast energy
source

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 INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL

After the first nuclear test in 1974,the then formed NSG had banned India from any
international trade in nuclear fuel or technology.

A clean waiver for the trade came from the NSG in September 200 due to its strong
non-proliferation records

+ US committed to ensure uninterrupted nuclear fuel and technology supply to India

+ Valid for 40 years, extendable by another 10 years

+ India to separate its nuclear civil and military facilities and place its civil nuclear
facilities under International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) safeguards

Thus Indian nuclear program stands to get

a much needed push

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 NUCLEAR ENERGY

For the first time in December 1951,

Electricity was generated from nuclear
energy- illuminating four light bulbs«..

First electricity production by nuclear energy

Experimental Breeder Reactor EBR-I, 20 Dec.1951, Arco, Idaho, USA

Today- there are some 43 nuclear reactors operating

worldwide with installed capacity
of about 372000 MW

They provide about 15 of world¶s electricity as continuous, reliable base-load power

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 World Energy Mix

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W orld Energy Mix
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The nuclear installed capacity of India is mere

  
1.1 of the world total(377 GW)

To get into the league of developed nations,

 | 
India needs to multiply its generation capacity
manifolds with major share of it coming "##$#%&'()
from nuclear power
|D
 Reactors in INDIA
(OPERATING)

S.no PLANT TYPE Commercial Safeguard Status

STATE
Operation
1 TARAPUR ± 1 Maharashtra 1 0 MW BWR 19 9 Safeguarded

2 TARAPUR ± 2 Maharashtra 1 0 MW BWR 19 9 Safeguarded

3 TARAPUR ± 3 Maharashtra 540 MW PHWR 200 Unsafeguarded

4 TARAPUR ± 4 Maharashtra 540 MW PHWR 2005 Unsafeguarded

5 RAWATBHATA ± 1 Rajasthan 100 MW PHWR 1973 Safeguarded

RAWATBHATA ± 2 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 19
1 Safeguarded

7 RAWATBHATA ± 3 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 1999-2000 By 2010

RAWATBHATA ± 4 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 1999-2000 By 2010

9 KALPAKKAM ± 1 Tamil Nadu 220 MW PHWR 19
4 Unsafeguarded

10 KALPAKKAM ± 2 Tamil Nadu 220 MW PHWR 19
Unsafeguarded

11 KAIGA ± 1 Karnataa 220 MW PHWR 2000 Unsafeguarded

12 KAIGA ± 2 Karnataa 220 MW PHWR 2000 Unsafeguarded

13 KAIGA ± 3 Karnataa 220 MW PHWR 2007 Unsafeguarded

14 NARORA - 1 Uttar Pradesh 220 MW PHWR 1991 By 2014

15 NARORA ± 2 Uttar Pradesh 220 MW PHWR 1992 By 2014

1 KAKRAPAR ± 1 Gujarat 220 MW PHWR 1993 By 2012

17 KAKRAPAR - 2 Gujarat 220 MW PHWR 1995 By 2012

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 Reactors in INDIA
(Under Construction)

S.no Expected
PLANT STATE TYPE Commercial Safeguard
Operation Status
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Total ± 3130 MW

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The Growth Plan
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THE FUEL

In mid 200 , Indian nuclear power plants were running at about half the installed capacity
due to chronic shortage of fuel.

India¶s Uranium resources are modest with

54000 T Uranium as assured and 23500 T
as estimated additional resources.

The existing mining and processing

facilities Uranium are in the Jhar hand
state and two others are announced in
AP and Meghalaya that might get operating
by 2012.

With the historic Indo-US nuclear µ123¶ agreement through in October 200 India is
expecting to import an increasing portion of its Uranium needs

However, India has reserves of about 290000 T of Thorium ± about one third of world¶s
total.
Th232 which is only a fertile material into a fissile material U233 is intended to fuel India¶s
nuclear power program in the longer term
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 The 3 Stage Nuclear power program

The Indian nuclear program was

conceived based on a unique sequential
 
three stages and associated technologies *#12+
Aimed at optimum utilization of the
modest Uranium and abundant
 
Thorium resources. *5!2+

It is based on a closed fuel system-

spent fuel of one stage is reprocessed to
 
produce fuel for the next stage. * 
  +

The three stages when finally developed will ma e India a nuclear independent nation
With the available Thorium reserves and without any additional import beyond
Kudan ulam I & II plants under construction, we can set up no more than 4 000MW
by 2031 and only about 20 000 MW by 2051
With additional import of 30000MW of Uranium based plants by 2020, we can
reach 470000MW nuclear capacity by 2050 if the three stage program is fully
developed
|ÿ
The 3 Stage Nuclear power program
STAGE - I
 Pressurized Heavy 
Water Reactors
(PHWRs) fuelled
by natural Uranium 
 Natural Uranium contains
only about 0.7 of U235
which undergoes fission to
release energy 
 Remaining 99.3 is
non fissile U23 which
by transmutation in 
the reactor gets
converted to fissile Pu239

STAGE - II
comprises of Fast Breeder 
Reactors
Fuelled by mixing Oxides
of U23 and Pu239 (MOX)
recovered by reprocessing 
of 1st stage spent fuel
The fertile material( U23 ) is
introduced as blan et to the
fissile fuel core(Pu239).

In FBR, Pu239 undergoes
fission Producing energy
while more
Pu239 is formed by 
transmutation of U23
Liquid Na is used as the
primary coolant
STAGE - III
The 3rd stage is based
on using U233 as the fissile
fuel in the Nuclear
reactors to produce energy
Once sufficient inventory of
Pu239 is built up in the 2nd
stage,Th232 can be
introduced as blan et
material to Pu239
Blan et Th232 converts to
U233, that is to be used in the
3rd stage reactors
The 3rd stage will mar the
transition from Uranium
based to Thorium based
reactors


 NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION FLOW CYCLE





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Nuclear Waste Management

Volume of waste is very small as compared to conventional fossil fuel power plants

Cost of managing and disposing is generally passed on to end consumers

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Very Low Level Waste Low Level Waste

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 Nuclear Waste Management

Intermediate Level Waste High Level Waste

  
  
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COST COMPONENTS
Nuclear Power is cost competitive with other forms of energy generation, except
where there is access to low cost fossil fuel and Carbon emission and environmental
impacts are cost free

High capital ± low fuel cost characteristics

CAPITAL COST
FINANCING
 ´Overnight capital cost´
Comprises of EPC cost, Owners
cost Land, building, licenses etc.)
Depends on Rate of interest on
 Use of special materials, debt, Debt equity ratio and others
sophisticated Safety features

 Significantly higher than

for coal or gas plants

 5 - .5 Cr against 4- 5 Cr. Of thermal


COST COMPONENTS

Generation COST Decommissioning and

waste disposal cost
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COST CONSIDERATIONS

The generation cost of nuclear power plants has always been on the lower side


COST CONSIDERATIONS
Nuclear generation is cheaper even after considering fuel price sensitivity to
generation cost


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ADVANTAGES

Advantages
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Substituting a single nuclear power plant for a
* 3
1  


 
 coal fired one(1000MW and 0 PLF), would

   avoid stac emission of 1.3-2.2 MT per annum of
Carbon depending on quality of coal and plant
technology used

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DISADVANTAGES

 Very high capital cost of special materials

emergency , containment, radioactive waste
and storage systems

 Resolution of long term high level

waste storage issue

- Potential nuclear proliferation issue

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Opportunities Ahead

TATA Power has been powering India for almost a 100 years«.
and will be doing so for the next 100 years and more«..

Currently Aiming at
operating with achieving
TATA POW March 2009 25000 MW by
2905.1 MW
installed 2017
capacity
Thermal
70
ydro
iversified Increased share
15
across from renewable
thermal, hydro, and green
wind, oil, sources in
and waste heat Wind the total energy
5 mix
recovery
Waste heat iesel
recovery
7

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Opportunities Ahead

In the quest of becoming a

leading µgreen¶ power
generating company, we
cannot overloo the nuclear
prospects

The GOI with its ambitious

nuclear power plans may invite
private parties to join in

ŒD
Opportunities Ahead

TATA Power can get into a joint venture

with government bodies for the
construction and O&M of nuclear power
plants and gain experience in the nu e
sector

We can also get into the transmission and

distribution business for the evacuation of
the generated power by nuclear power
plants operated by government bodies

We can ta e up EPC contracts for construction

of nuclear power plants

Also, TATA Power can acquire and operate nuclear power plants in countries where
nu e sector is open to private players

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CONCLUSION

ùIndia is going to be the most populous country of the world and a

monstrous energy demand is foreseen by the mid of the century

ùIndia is already the sixth largest and second fastest growing

contributor to greenhouse gases

ùTo be an energy sufficient state and because of the increasing carbon

emissions, nuclear power poses a sound solution

ùWe at TATA Power need to get ready by acquiring nowledge in nuclear

energy and its associated technology so that when the GOI opens the big
nuclear mar et to the private players«..we are the favorites to it«..

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THANK YOU
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