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Bridge PPT
Bridge PPT
Bridge Circuit
DC Bridge AC Bridge
(Resistance)
Inductance Capacitance Frequency
A Balance condition:
No potential difference across the
R1 R2 galvanometer (there is no current through
the galvanometer)
I1 I2
Under this condition: VAD = VAB
V D B
I3 I4 I1R1 I2R2
And also VDC = VBC
R3 R4
I3R3 I4R4
where I1, I2, I3, and I4 are current in resistance
arms respectively, since I1 = I3 and I2 = I4
C
R1 R2 or R2
Rx R4 R3
R3 R4 R1
Example
12 V 12 V
12 V 12 V
Example A Wheatstone bridge has a ratio arm of 1/100 (R2/R1). At first balance, R3 is
adjusted to 1000.3 The value of Rx is then changed by the temperature change, the new
value of R3 to achieve the balance condition again is 1002.1 Find the change of Rx due to
the temperature change.
R2 1
SOLUTION At first balance: Rx old R3 1000.3 10.003
R1 100
R2 1
After the temperature change: Rx new R3 1002.1 10.021
R1 100
Therefore, the change of Rx due to the temperature change is 0.018
Application of Wheatstone Bridge
Unbalance bridge
Consider a bridge circuit which have identical
A resistors, R in three arms, and the last arm has the
resistance of R +R. if R/R << 1
R R
Thévenin Voltage (VTH)
V
C G D
R
VTH VCD V
R R+R 4R
R v (k
4
6V
3
2 4.5 k
1
0
Rv Output 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
5 k signal o
Temp ( C)
(b)
(a)
R3 R2 5 k5 k
SOLUTION (a) at bridge balance, we have Rv 5 k
R1 5 k
The value of Rv = 5 k corresponding to the temperature of 80oC in the given plot.
(b) at temperature of 60oC, Rv is read as 4.5 k thus R = 5 - 4.5 = 0.5 k We will
use Thévenin equivalent circuit to solve the above problem.
R 0.5 k
VTH V 6 V 0.15V
4R 45 k
AC Bridge: Balance Condition
B
all four arms are considered as impedance
Z1 Z2 (frequency dependent components)
The detector is an ac responding device:
I1 I2
headphone, ac meter
V A D C Source: an ac voltage at desired frequency
The second condition for bridge balance requires that the sum of the phase angles of
opposite arms be equal, therefore
4 =2 3 1 0 30 80 50 o
I1 I2 Z1 R j L 200 j100
V
D C Z 2 R 1/ jC 300 j600
A
Z3 R 450
Z4 unknown
Z3 Z4
D
The general equation for bridge balance states that Z1Z4 = Z2 Z3
This result indicates that Z4 is a pure inductance with an inductive reactance of 150
at at frequency of 1kHz. Since the inductive reactance XL = 2fL, we solve for L
and obtain L = 23.9 mH
Comparison Bridge: Capacitance
Vs D At balance point: Z1 Zx = Z2 Z 3
C3 Rx 1
where Z =R 1; Z 2 = R2; and Z3 R3
jC3
1
R3 Cx Unknown
capacitance 1 1
R1 Rx R2 3
R
Diagram of Capacitance j C x j C 3
Comparison Bridge
R2 R3 R1
Separation of the real and imaginary terms yields: Rx and Cx C3
R1 R2
Frequency independent
To satisfy both balance conditions, the bridge must contain two variable
elements in its configuration.
Comparison Bridge: Inductance
Vs D At balance point: Z1 Zx = Z2 Z 3
L3 Lx where Z =R 1; Z 2 = R2; and Z3 R3 j L3
1
R3 Rx Unknown
inductance
R1 Rx j Lx R2 RS jLS
Diagram of Inductance
Comparison Bridge
R2 R3 R2
Separation of the real and imaginary terms yields: Rx and Lx L3
R1 R1
Frequency independent
To satisfy both balance conditions, the bridge must contain two variable
elements in its configuration.