A

Presentation
of
Cruise Missile

By -
Hanuman Tharoda
14EAOME032
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Arya Institute of Engineering Technology & Management
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. History Of Cruise Missile
3. What Is Missile
4. Type Of Missile
5. Basic Of Cruise Missile
6. Dimensions Of Cruise Missile
7. General Design
8. Component Of Cruise Missile
9. Categories Of Cruise Missile
10. Application
11. Advantages
12. Disadvantages
13. Conclusion
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1. Introduction

A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial targets that remains in the
atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately constant speed.
Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high
precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of travelling at supersonic or high
subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely
low-altitude trajectory

Figure :- Tomahawk Cruise missile

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2. History Of Cruise Missile

 In 1944, Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles in World War II. The
V-1, often called a flying bomb, contained a gyroscope guidance system and was
propelled by a simple pulsejet engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of
"buzz bomb" or "doodlebug“

 During the Cold War period both the United States and the Soviet Union
experimented further with the concept, deploying early cruise missiles from land,
submarines and aircraft. The main outcome of the United States Navy submarine
missile project was the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile, based upon the V-1

 Between 1957 and 1961 the United States develop a nuclear-powered cruise missile,
Supersonic Low Altitude Missile(SLAM). It was designed to fly below the enemy's
radar at speeds above Mach 3 and carry a number of hydrogen bombsthat it would
drop along its path over enemy territory

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3. What Is Missile

 In modern language, a missile is a self-propelled system, as opposed to an unguided

self-propelled munitions, referred to as a rocket(although these too can also
be guided).

 Missiles have four system components: targeting or missile guidance, flight system,
engine, and warhead.

 Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface and air-to-
surface missiles, surface-to-air missiles, air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite
weapons.

 All known existing missiles are designed to be propelled during powered flight by
chemical reactions inside a rocket engine, jet engine, or other type of engine.

 Non-self-propelled airborne explosive devices are generally referred to as shells and

usually have a shorter range than missiles.

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4. Type Of Missile

There are two types of missiles.

 UNGUIDED OR BALLISTIC  GUIDED MISSILES

MISSILES which are guided through some remote
which moves freely to the target and can’t controls e.g. Cruise missile
be controlled after launching e.g. missiles
of tank

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5. Basic Of Cruise Missile

 Cruise Missile have 8.5-foot (2.61-meter) wingspan

 Cruise Missile powered by turbofan engines

 Cruise Missile can fly 500 to 1,000 miles (805 to 1,610 km) depending on the
configuration.

 Cruise Missile deliver a 1,000-pound (450-kg) high explosive bomb to a precise

location of the target.

 The missile is destroyed when the bomb explodes.

 Since cruise missiles cost between $500,000 and $1,000,000 each, it's a fairly
expensive way to deliver a 1,000-pound package.

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6. Dimensions Of Cruise Missile

 Cruise missiles are 20 feet (6.25 meters) long and 21 inches (0.52 meters) in
diameter.

 At launch, they include a 550-pound (250-kg) solid rocket booster and weigh 3,200
pounds (1450 kg).

 The booster falls away once it has burned its fuel.

 The wings, tail fins and air inlet unfold, and the turbofan engine takes over.

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7. General Design

Cruise missiles generally consist of a guidance system, payload, and aircraft propulsion
system, housed in an airframe with small wings and empennage for flight control.
Payloads usually consist of a conventional warhead or a nuclear warhead. Cruise missiles
tend to be propelled by a jet engine, turbofan engines being preferred due to their greater
efficiency at low altitude and subsonic speed.

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8. Component Of Cruise Missile

Cruise missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections are
carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile assembly.

The major components of a missile are:

 Warhead

 Fusing

 Guidance System

 Propulsion System

 Fins

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8.1 Warhead

A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy

vehicles or buildings. Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile or rocket.

It consists of the explosive material, and a detonator.

Types of warhead :-

Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage

surrounding areas with a shockwave.

Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to injure
or kill human beings.

Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to sicken

and kill humans.

Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy release.
Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause damage or
injury.
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8.1 Warhead (Cont…..)

Shaped Charge: The effect of the explosive charge is focused onto a specially
shaped metal liner to project a hypervelocity jet of metal, to perforate heavy
armour.

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8.2 Fusing

It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to function in
proper relation to the target. There are two general types of fuzes used in guided missiles
•proximity fuzes and contact fuzes.

Some common methods of fusing are

Radio frequency sensing

 The shell contains a micro transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and
emits a continuous wave of roughly 180–220 MHz .
 As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created.
 This causes a small oscillation of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator
supply current of about 200–800 Hz, the Doppler frequency. This signal is sent
through a band pass filter , amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a
given amplitude.

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8.3 Sensing Of Cruise Missile

Optical sensing
 Based on the use of petoscope which is an optoelectronic device for detecting
small, distant objects such as flying aircraft.
 modern air-to-air missiles use lasers. They project narrow beams of laser light
perpendicular to the flight of the missile.

Magnetic sensing
 Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. It
is used in mines and torpedoes.
 Fuzes of this type can be defeated by degaussing, using non-metal hulls for ships
(especially minesweepers) or by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed
buoys.

Acoustic sensing
 used a microphone in a missile.
 The characteristic frequency of an aircraft engine is filtered and triggers the
detonation.
 Naval mines can also use acoustic sensing, with modern versions able to be
programmed to "listen" for the signature of a specific ship.
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8.4 Atmospheric Jet Propulsion System

There are three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systems—the turbojet, pulsejet, and
ramjet engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is currently being used
in Navy air-launched missiles.
The various methods are as follows:-
TURBOJET
The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine.
Compared to turbofans, turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below about Mach 2 and
are very noisy.
As a result, most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic reasons, although
turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high exhaust
speed, low frontal area, and relative simplicity.

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8.5 Principle Of Working

TRACKING
To target the missile by knowing the location of the target, and using a guidance system
such as inertial navigation system (INS), TERCOM or GPS. This job can also be
performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and the
missile, and guides it using either cable or radio based remotecontrol, or by an
automatic system that can simultaneously track the target and the missile.
Flight
The working of a missile is based on the Newton’s Third Law i.e. Action and reaction
are equal and opposite. The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket
engine. It produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant. The
hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket engine by chemical
reactions. The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This exhaust
causes the rocket to move in the opposite direction (Newton's third law).
MISSILE AERODYNAMICS
Guided missiles launched from surface ships have their flight paths within the earth's
atmosphere, so it is important that you understand some basic aerodynamic principles.
Aerodynamics may be defined as the science that deals with the motion of air and other
gases, and with the forces acting on bodies moving through these gases.

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8.6 Guidance Systems

 Guidance systems also vary greatly. Low-cost systems use a radar altimeter,
barometric altimeter and clock to navigate a digital strip map. More advanced systems
use inertial guidance, satellite guidance and terrain contour matching (TERCOM).
Use of an automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm/device in the guidance system
increases accuracy of the missile. The Standoff Land Attack Missile features an ATR
unit from General Electric

 The hallmark of a cruise missile is its incredible accuracy. A common statement made
about the cruise missile is, "It can fly 1,000 miles and hit a target the size of a single-
car garage." Cruise missiles are also very effective at evading detection by the enemy
because they fly very low to the ground (out of the view of most radar systems).

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8.7 Types Of Guidance System

4 Types Of Guidance System Are:-

 Inertial navigation system

 TERCOM (Terrain Contour Matching)

 DSMAC (Digital Scene-Mapping Area Correlator)

 Satellite navigation

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8.7.1 Inertial navigation system

 An inertial navigation system includes at least a computer and a platform containing

accelerometers, gyroscopes, or other motion-sensing devices.
 Accelerometers measure the vertical, lateral, and longitudinal accelerations of the
controlled missile.
 Gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of the system.

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8.7.2 Tercom(Terrain contour matching)

 It uses a pre-recorded contour map of the terrain that is compared to measurements

made during flight by an on-board radar altimeter.
 The missile's radar altimeter feeds measurements into a smaller buffer, and averages
them out to produce a single measurement.
 The series of such numbers a strip of measurements similar to those held in the
maps. The two are compared to overlay the strip on the known map, and the
positioning of the strip within the map produces a location and direction.
 The guidance system then uses this information to correct the flight path of the
missile

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8.7.3 DSMAC(Digital scene-mapping area correlator)

 A series of photographs are taken from surveillance aircraft and are put into a
carousel in the missile.
 Another camera takes pictures out of the bottom of the missile.
 A computer compares the two images and attempts to line up areas of high contrast.
 This system is very slow and its role is being taken up by TERCOM.

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8.7.4 Satellite Navigation

 Another way to navigate a cruise missile is by using a satellite positioning system,

such as GPS .
 Satellite navigation systems are precise and cheap.
 If the satellites are interfered with (e.g. destroyed) or if the satellite signal is
interfered with (e.g. jammed), the satellite navigation system becomes inoperable.
 The GPS-based navigation is useful in a conflict with a technologically
unsophisticated adversary.

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9. Categories Of Cruise Missile

Cruise missiles can be categorized by size, speed (subsonic or supersonic), and range,
and whether launched from land, air, surface ship, or submarine. Often versions of the
same missile are produced for different launch platforms; sometimes air- and submarine
launched versions are a little lighter and smaller than land- and ship-launched versions.

 Hypersonic
 Supersonic
 Intercontinental-range
 Long-range subsonic
 Medium-range subsonic
 Short-range subsonic

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9.1 Hypersonic

A hypersonic speed cruise missile would travel at least five times the speed of
sound (Mach 5).

Example: BrahMos-II

 BrahMos-II or BrahMos Mark II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under

joint development by Russia's NPO Mashinostroeyenia and India's Defence
Research and Development Organization, which have together formed BrahMos
Aerospace Private Limited.
 It is the second of the BrahMos series of cruise missiles. The BrahMos-II is expected
to have a range of 450 kilometers (280 mi; 240 nmi) and a speed of Mach 7. During
the cruise stage of flight the missile will be propelled by a scramjet air breathing jet
engine. Other details, including production cost and physical dimensions of the
missile, are yet to be published. It is expected to be ready for testing by 2020

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9.2 Supersonic

These missiles travel faster than the speed of sound, usually using ramjet engines. The
range is typically 100–500 km, but can be greater. Guidance systems vary.
Examples:
 BrahMos claims it has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as 5
meters in altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 14000 meters. It has a diameter
of 70 cm and a wingspan of 1.7 m.
 It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km. The ship-
launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-
launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.
 It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial
acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise.

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9.3 Inter-continental Range

 An intercontinental cruise missile is a missile, a nominally guided projectile following a

parabolic flight path; most of its flight is unpowered. It is boosted up to its apogee or
high point and then falls due to gravity like any other projectile.
Example:- Burya
General characteristics Cruise missile (stage 2)
Launch vehicle (stage 1) Engine: 1× RD-012U ramjet
Function: Nuclear cruise Function: Multi-purpose Cruise Speed : Mach 3.1-3.3
missile launch vehicle Maximal speed in test: Mасh
Launch mass: 96,000 kg Engine: 2× Burya booster 3.4-3.5 (3 700 km/h)
Total length: 19.9 m with S2.1150 engine Range: 8000 - 8,500 km
Launch platform: Launch pad Length: 18.9 m Maximal range in test:
First flight test: 1 July 1957 Diameter: 1.45 m 6,500 km
Last flight test: 16 December Thrust: 68.61 t Flight altitude: 18–25,5 km
1960 Oxidizer: Nitric acid Warhead: thermonuclear,
Number of successful Combustible: Amine 2190 kg
launches: 14 Length: 18.0 m
Number of failed launches: 3 Diameter: 2.20 m
Status: Canceled Wing span: 7.75 m
Wing area: 60 m² 26
9.4 Long Range Subsonic

The United States, Russia, United Kingdom, Israel, South Korea, Turkey, Iran, China,
Pakistan and India have developed several long-range subsonic cruise missiles. These
missiles have a range of over 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) and fly at about 800 kilometers
per hour (500 mph). They typically have a launch weight of about 1,500 kilograms
(3,300 lb) and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead.

Examples: Nirbhaya

 The missile has a length of 6 meters, width of 0.52 meters, a wing span of 2.7 meters
and weighs about 1500kg.
 It has a range of about 1000 km and is capable of delivering 24 different types of
warheads depending on mission requirements between 200-300kg. The missile is
claimed to have a loitering capability.
 it can go round a target and perform several manoeuvres and then re-engage it.
 With two side wings, the missile is capable of flying at different altitudes ranging
from 100 m to 4 km above the ground and can also fly at low altitudes (like low tree
level) to avoid detection by enemy radar

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9.5 Low Range Subsonic

These are subsonic missiles which weigh around 500 kilograms (1,102 lb) and have a
range of up to 300 km (190 mi).

Examples: SOM

While initially the range of the missile was announced to be 100 nmi, debates arose in
local press around the missile's real range after Prime Minister Recep Tayyip
Erdogan unexpectedly set objectives for the development of a missile with a range of
2,500 km (1,300 nmi) at the plenary session of the High Science and Technology
Council on December 28, 2011. "The SOM missile is currently tested for 300 km
(160 nmi) range and successfully achieved 10 m (33 ft) precision goal, demonstrating
around 5 m (16 ft) accuracy in live fires. We are planning to start 500 km (270 nmi)
range tests this year. Later the range will be extended to 1,500 km (810 nmi) and finally
to 2,500 km (1,300 nmi) in 2014",

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9.6 Medium Range Subsonic

These missiles are about the same size and weight and fly at similar speeds to the above
category, but the range is (officially) less than 1,000 km. Guidance systems vary.

Examples: AGM-158A JASSM

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9.7 Characteristics Of AGM-158A JASSM

AGM-158A JASSM AGM-158B JASSM (ER)

Length: 4.27 m (14 ft) Speed: Subsonic
Wingspan: 2.4 m (7 ft 11 in) Range: 1000 km (620 mi)
Weight: 975 kg (2,150 lb) Production unit cost: $1,327,000
Speed: Subsonic Propulsion: Williams International F107-
Range: 370 km (230 mi) WR-105 turbofan
Propulsion: Teledyne CAE J402- Production dates: 1998–present
CA-100 turbojet; thrust 3.0 kN
(680 lbf)
Fuel: JP10 fuel
Warhead: 450 kg (1000 lb) WDU-
42/B penetrator
Production unit cost: $850,000
Total program
cost: $3,000,000,000
Production dates: 1998–present

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10. Advantages

 The big advantage of the cruise missile is its smallness and cost.

 Its small size also improved the weapon’s chances of penetration.

 The map matching system (TERCOM) is combined with an inertial navigational system
in a system called TAINS. This not only gets the cruise to its target but also with an
accuracy.

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11. Disadvantages

 The lack of a human pilot means you can't re-use the thing, whereas you can get
multiple missions out of a piloted aircraft.

 Their low and slow flight means they can be engaged by a much wider variety of
systems.

 The missiles aren't always accurate, they're expensive.

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12. Conclusion

 Currently cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single-use weapons, up
to several million dollars apiece. However, they are cheaper than human pilots
when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account.

 Guidance System used in cruise missile is a complex system which involves

several systems working in random. it is essential that guidance system is properly
designed for accurate interception of targets

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13.QUERY

THANK YOU
&
QUERY

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