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Pengantar Akuntansi

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10/28/2018 Page 1
Materi Perkuliahan
Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel : Financial Accounting , IFRS Editon 3e, Wiley 2015
IAI. (2015). Standard Akuntansi Keuangan , Salemba Empat, Jakarta (SAK)

Pertemuan Pokok Bahasan Sumber

1-2 Accounting in Action WKK Ch 1


3-4 The Recording Process WKK Ch 2
5 Adjusting the Accounts WKK Ch 3
6 Completing the Accounting Cycle WKK Ch 4
7 Penyajian Laporan Keuangan PSAK 1

Ujian Tengah Semester

8-9 Accounting for Merchandising Operations WKK Ch 5


10 - 11
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: Special Journal WKK Appendix-E
13 - 14
Abstract Fraud, Internal Control & Cash
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10/28/2018 Page 2
WILEY

IFRS EDITION
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University of California, Santa Barbara
10/28/2018
Westmont College Page 3
PEDOMAN PENILAIAN
• Evaluasi Hasil Belajar (UTS/UAS) dan Prosentase
Nilai Dari Masing-Masing Komponen Adalah Sbb:
• Nilai Partisipasi dalam kelas : 10%
• Nilai Quiz : 10%
• Nilai Tugas Mandiri/Kelompok : 10%
• Nilai Ujian Tengah Semester : 35%
• Nilai Ujian Akhir Semester : 35%
• Mahasiswa wajib mengikuti UTS dan UAS. Apabila mahasiswa
tidak mengikuti UTS dan atau UAS maka mahasiswa dinyatakan
tidak lulus (nilai E)
• Kehadiran sebanyak 80% selama satu semester
dipakai sebagai prasyarat untuk mengikuti UAS
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• Nilai semua mata kuliah minimal C
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10/28/2018 Page 4
Akuntansi dan
Transaksi Bisnis

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10/28/2018 Page 5
What is Accounting?

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6 6
Page
Akuntansi :
Menurut Accounting Principles Board (APB) dan
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
(AICPA) – 1970 :

Akuntansi adalah suatu kegiatan


jasa/pelayanan yang berfungsi
menyediakan data kuantitatif,
terutama yang bersifat keuangan dari
suatu entitas ekonomi yang
digunakan sebagai dasar
pengambilan
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10/28/2018 Page 7
Berdasarkan pendekatan sistem :

Sistem informasi yang


mengidentifikasikan (identifies),
mencatat (records) dan
mengkomunikasikan
(comunicates) kejadian-kejadian
ekonomi suatu organisasi yang
digunakan sebagai informasi
untuk para pemakai yang
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10/28/2018 Page 8
Three Activities

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10/28/2018 Page 9
Next – Komponen Lap Keu
Laporan Keuangan Sesuai PSAK (2015)

Laporan Posisi Keuangan (Neraca)

Laporan Laba Rugi Komprehensif


Komponen

Laporan Laporan Perubahan Ekuitas

Keuangan
Laporan Arus Kas
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Next – user information
Pemakai Laporan Keuangan
Internal User Interested in Reason
Pemilik •Sales •Apakah iklan efektif ?
•Profit •Dptkah uang lebih banyak ?
•Cash •Apakah bisa beli alat baru ?

Manajer •Expenses •Apakah bekerja sesuai


budget ?
•Sales •Dapat bonus gak ya ?
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Karyawan •Profit
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Pemakai Laporan Keuangan
External Users Interested in Reason
Investor/ •Profit •Apakah investasi OK
Stakeholders •Dividen •Berapa dividen yang
diterima ?
Bankers •Debt •Apakah layak
diberi pinjaman ?
Pemerintah •Profit •Pendapatan dari
pajak
Customer •Garansi produk •Bagaimana produk
yang dihasilkan ?
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10/28/2018 Page 12
Next – SAK
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan
Kapan laporan keuangan digunakan dan siapa yang
menggunakan serta untuk tujuan apa ?

• Siapa yang menggunakan informasi laporan


keuangan ?

• Kapan informasi Laporan Keungan


diperlukan ?

• Dimana laporan keuangan digunakan ?


(Negara Indonesia saja atau mungkin di
negara yang berbeda ?)

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10/28/2018 Page 13
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan

Generally Agar laporan keuangan tidak


Accepted mementingkan salah satu
pihak, dan agar tidak
Accounti
menyesatkan bagi pengguna
ng
informasi, maka Laporan
Principle Keuangan harus disusun
s berdasarkan
Prinsip Akuntansi yang
berlaku umum.
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10/28/2018 Page 14
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan

Sumber acuan utama dalam


menyusun laporan keuangan
adalah
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan
yang disusun oleh suatu badan
yang kompeten dan
independen.

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10/28/2018 Page 15
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan
Badan International Accounting
penyusun Standard Board (IASB)
Standar
IAS / I F R S
Akuntan
si Financial Accounting
Keuanga Standard Board (FASB)
n
US GAAP
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10/28/2018 Page 16
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan

Di Indonesia berlaku
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan
(SAK)
yang disusun dan diterbitkan oleh
Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan
(DSAK)
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia.
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10/28/2018 Page 17
Standar Akuntansi Keuangan
di Indonesia

Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (SAK)

Standar Akuntansi untuk Entitas Tanpa Akuntabilitas Publik (SAK ETAP)

Standar Akuntansi Syariah

Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan

Standar Akuntansi EMKM


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10/28/2018 Page 18
Konvergensi IFRS / IAS

Agar laporan keuangan suatu entitas


dapat digunakan dan diperbandingkan di
seluruh dunia, maka masing-masing
negara telah melakukan program
konvergensi (convergence) Standar
Akuntansi Nasional dengan International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) yang
disusun oleh International Accounting
Standard Board (IASB)

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10/28/2018 Page 19
Next – Asumsi dasar
Asumsi-asumsi sebagai konsep
dasar dalam penyusunan Laporan
Keuangan :
Asumsi Unit Keuangan
(Monetary Unit Assumption)
ASUMSI DASAR Asumsi Entitas Ekonomi
By GAAP (Economic Entity Assumption)
Asumsi Periode Waktu
(Time Period Assumption)
Asumsi Kelangsungan Usaha
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10/28/2018 Page 20
Asumsi Unit Keuangan
(Monetary Unit Assumption)

• Asumsi ini menyatakan bahwa semua transaksi


perusahaan harus dicatat dalam satuan uang tertentu.

Asumsi Entitas Ekonomi


(Economic Entity Assumption)
Asumsi ini menganggap bahwa suatu perusahaan adalah suatu
badan yang terpisah dan dibedakan dari orang-orang yang
menyediakan asset perusahaan tersebut.

Proprietorship.
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10/28/2018 Page 21
Proprietorship Partnership Corporation

Generally owned Owned by two or Ownership divided


by one person. more persons. into shares
Often small Often retail and Separate legal
service-type service-type entity organized
businesses businesses under state
Owner receives corporation law
Generally unlimited
any profits, suffers personal liability Limited liability
any losses, and is
Partnership
personally liable for
agreement
all debts.
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10/28/2018 Page 22
Advantages
A proprietorship
• Ease in
is owned by one
organizing
individual.
• Low cost of
organizing
Disadvantage
• Limited source
Joe’s
of financial
resources
• Unlimited
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23 23
Page
Advantages
A partnership
• More financial
is owned by two
resources than
or more
a proprietorship.
individuals.
• Additional
management
skills.
Joe and Marty’s
Disadvantage
• Unlimited
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24 24
Page
A corporation is
Advantage
organized under
state or federal • The ability to
statutes as a obtain large
separate legal amounts of
entity. resources by
issuing stocks.

Disadvantage
J & M, Inc.
• Double taxation.
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25 25
Page
Asumsi Periode Waktu
(Time Period Assumption)
.....
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Dec.

Asumsi ini menganggap bahwa umur ekonomis suatu


bisnis dapat dibagi ke dalam beberapa periode
akuntansi.
(Suatu gambaran lengkap dan akurat mengenai kesuksesan atau kegagalan
perusahaan dapat diketahui pada saat perusahaan tsb menghentikan operasinya,
mencairkan semua asetnya menjadi kas dan membayar seluruh liabilitasnya 
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10/28/2018 Posisi Keuangan dan Arus Kas perusahaan. Page 26
Asumsi Kelangsungan Usaha
(Going Concern Assumption)

Asumsi ini menganggap bahwa suatu perusahaan


didirikan untuk beroperasi terus dalam kegiatan
usahanya untuk mencari laba dalam periode
waktu yang tidak terbatas.

( Konsep Kelangsungan usaha ini merupakan justifikasi


pencatatan asset tetap dengan harga perolehannya dan
menyusutkannya dengan cara yang teratur tanpa harus
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10/28/2018 Page 27
Asumsi-asumsi sebagai konsep
dasar dalam penyusunan Laporan
Keuangan :

Dasar Akrual
ASUMSI DASAR (Accrual Basis)
By IFRS Asumsi Kelangsungan Usaha
(Going Concern Assumption)

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Dasar Akrual
(Accrual Basis)
Asumsi ini menganggap bahwa :
• Pendapatan dilaporkan dalam laporan
laba rugi (income statement) pada
periode dimana pendapatan tersebut
dihasilkan (tanpa memperhatikan apakah kas sudah diterima
atau belum)

• Beban dilaporkan dalam laporan laba


rugi (income statement) bila sudah
terjadi
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10/28/2018 Page 29
Next – Prinsip Akuntansi
Prinsip Akuntansi sebagai Pedoman
dalam penyusunan Laporan
Keuangan :
Prinsip Pengukuran
(Measurement Principle)
PRINSIP Prinsip Pengakuan Pendapatan
AKUNTANSI (Revenue Recognition Principle)
Prinsip Pengakuan Beban
(Expense Recognition Principle)

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10/28/2018 Page 30
Measurement Principles
Prinsip pengukuran menyatakan bahwa yang akan dicatat dalam
bisnis adalah hanya peristiwa ekonomi yang dapat diukur dalam
satuan mata uang.

Historical Cost Principles


PRINSIP
PENGUKURAN
Fair Value Principle

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10/28/2018 Page 31
Prinsip Pengukuran :
Historical Cost Principle :
• Prinsip ini menyatakan bahwa aset
perusahaan harus dicatat
berdasarkan harga / biaya
perolehan.
• Biaya perolehan (cost)
merupakan pengorbanan yang
dilakukan untuk memperoleh
suatu aset, sampai dengan
asset
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10/28/2018 Page 32
Prinsip Pengukuran :
Fair Value Principle :
• Prinsip ini menyatakan bahwa asset dan liabilitas harus
di LAPORKAN berdasarkan nilai wajar.
• Nilai wajar didefinisikan dalam IFRS sebagai, “the
amount for which an asset could be exchanged between
knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length
transaction.”
• Menurut Suwardjono (2008;475) fair value adalah jumlah
rupiah yang disepakati untuk suatu obyek dalam suatu
tranksaksi antara pihak-pihak yang berkehendak bebas
tanpa tekanan atau keterpaksaan.
• Berdasarkan FASB Concept Statement No. 7 dapat
ditarik suatu kesimpulan bahwa fair value adalah harga
yang akan diterima dalam penjualan aset atau
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10/28/2018 Page 33
Prinsip Pengakuan Pendapatan :

• Pendapatan diakui pada saat


pemberian / pelaksanaan jasa
dilakukan dalam suatu periode
akuntansi.
• Pendapatan diakui jika telah
terealisir dan telah diperoleh
(earned).

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10/28/2018 Page 34
Prinsip Pengakuan Beban :

• Beban akan diakui dalam periode


dimana suatu pendapatan dihasilkan.
• Untuk memperoleh pendapatan, maka
suatu entitas bisnis akan mengeluarkan
beban.
• Bahwa usaha (beban-beban) harus
ditandingkan (match) dengan hasil
(pendapatan-pendapatan).
• Karena itu prinsip ini sering disebut
“Matching Principle”.
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10/28/2018
Next – Unsur LK Page 35
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Aset Liabilitas Ekuitas


( Assets) (Liabilities) (Equity)
Aset
• Sumber daya yang dikuasai oleh entitas sebagai akibat dari
peristiwa masa lalu dan darimana manfaat ekonomi di masa
depan diharapkan akan diperoleh entitas.
• Harta/kekayaan perusahaan yang dimiliki untuk
menjalankan usaha (sumber daya yang dimiliki
perusahaan)
Cash, Account Receivable, Supplies, Inventory, Prepaid Expenses,
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10/28/2018 Page 36
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Aset Liabilitas Ekuitas


( Assets) (Liabilities) (Equity)
Liabilitas
• Kewajiban entitas masa kini yang timbul dari peristiwa masa lalu,
penyelesaiannya diharapkan mengakibatkan arus keluar dari sumber
daya entitas yang mengandung manfaat ekonomi
• Klaim terhadap aset (Debts and Obligations).
• Pengorbanan ekonomis yang harus dilakukan oleh perusahaan pada
masa yang akan datang
Notes payable, Accounts payable, Unearned Revenue, Accrued
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10/28/2018 Page 37
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Aset Liabilitas Ekuitas


( Assets) (Liabilities) (Equity)

Ekuitas
• Hak residual atas asset entitas setelah dikurangi semua liabilitas
• Klaim kepemilikan atas total asset - Merupakan hak pemilik
perusahaan atas sebagaian aset perusahaan

Equity = Assets – Liabilities


Terdiri dari :
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10/28/2018 Page 38
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Aset Liabilitas Ekuitas

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10/28/2018 Page 39
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Revenues merupakan hasil yang diperoleh perusahaan


dari kegiatannya menjalankan usaha.
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10/28/2018 Page 40
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Expenses adalah pengorbanan yang terjadi


selama melaksanakan kegiatan usaha untuk
memperoleh pendapatan.
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10/28/2018 Page 41
Unsur-unsur Laporan Keuangan

Dividends merupakan pembagian laba berupa uang tunai maupun


asset lainnya kepada para pemegang saham.
 Dividends diperlakukan sebagai pengurang Retained Earnings
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 Dividends bukan merupakan beban
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– Basics Accounting Equation
Next 10/28/2018 Page 42
Saat kapan unsur laporan
keuangan : Aset, Liabilitas,
Ekuitas berubah ?

TRANSAKSI BISNIS
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43 43
Page
What is a business
transaction?

Transaksi bisnis adalah kejadian/kondisi


ekonomi yang secara langsung
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mempengaruhi kondisi keuangan atau hasil


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operasi suatu entitas


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Page 44
Transaksi bisnis adalah kejadian/kondisi
ekonomi yang secara langsung
mempengaruhi kondisi keuangan atau hasil
operasi suatu entitas

Apakah semua kejadian ekonomi


harus dicatat oleh perusahaan ?

Apabila kejadian ekonomi tersebut


mempengaruhi kondisi keuangan
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perusahaan, Maka Harus dicatat oleh


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Page 45
Transaksi Bisnis

Illustration: Are the following events recorded in the


accounting records? Illustration 1-8
Discuss
Purchase product
Event Pay rent.
computer. design with
customer.

Criterion Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, or


equity) of the company changed?

Record/
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Don’t:
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10/28/2018 Page 46
Transaksi Bisnis
 Suatu transaksi perusahaan adalah
terjadinya peristiwa atau keadaan yang
harus dicatat.
 Semua transaksi perusahaan adalah
perubahan yang menyangkut tiga unsur
dasar persamaan akuntansi.
 Tiga unsur dasar :
Assets
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Liabilities
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Equity
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Menggunakan
10/28/2018 Persamaan Akuntansi untuk mencatat transaksi bisnis Page 47
The Basic Accounting Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Memberikan kerangka yang mendasari untuk


mencatat dan meringkas kejadian ekonomi

Setiap transaksi bisnis, akan memberikan


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10/28/2018 Page 48
Analisis Transaksi
Transaction (1). Investment by Shareholders.
Ray and Barbara Neal decides to open a computer
programming service which he names Softbyte. On September
1, 2017, they invest $15,000 cash in exchange for $15,000 of
ordinary shares.
Transaction (2). Purchase of Equipment for Cash.
Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Transaction (3). thisPurchase
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Softbyte purchases for $1,600 from Acme Supply Company
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months.
10/28/2018 Page 49
Transaction (4). Services Provided for Cash.
Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for programming
services it has provided.
Transaction (5). Purchase of Advertising on Credit.
Softbyte receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising but
postpones payment until a later date.
Transaction (6). Services Provided for Cash and Credit.
Softbyte provides $3,500 of programming services for customers. The
company receives cash of $1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of
$2,000 on account.
Transaction (7). Payment of Expenses.
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Softbyte pays the following Expenses in cash for September: store rent $600,
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Page 50
Transaction (8). Payment of Accounts Payable.
Softbyte pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash.
Transaction (9). Receipt of Cash on Account.
Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who
had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
Transaction (10). Dividends.
The corporation pays a dividend of $1,300 in cash.
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10/28/2018 Page 51
Summary of Transactions

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10/28/2018 Page 52
Financial Statements
Companies prepare four financial statements from the
summarized accounting data:

Retained Statement of
Income Statement of
Earnings Financial
Statement Cash Flows
Statement Position

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10/28/2018 SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they arePage 53
prepared.
Financial Statements Income Statement

Reports the revenues and expenses for a specific period of


time.
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Net loss – expenses exceed revenues.
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10/28/2018 Page 54
Financial Statements Net income is needed to determine the
ending balance in retained earnings.

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10/28/2018 Page 55
Retained Earnings
Financial Statements Statement

Statement indicates the reasons why


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10/28/2018 Page 56
Financial
Statements

The ending
balance in
retained
earnings is
needed in
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10/28/2018 Page 57
Financial Statements Balance Sheet

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10/28/2018 Page 58
Financial
Statements

Illustration 1-
11
Financial
statements
and
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10/28/2018 Page 59
Financial Statements

Statement of Cash Flows


Information for a specific period of time.

Answers the following:

1. Where did cash come from?


2. What was cash used for?
3. What was the change in the cash balance?
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10/28/2018 Page 60
Financial Statements Statement of Cash Flows

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10/28/2018 Page 61
Soal 1
Margaretha Wulan opened Wulan Service Company on July, 2017. During July
the following transactions were completed.
July 1 Margaretaha Wulan invested Rp.100.000.000 cash in business in
exchange for ordinary shares
2 Purchased equipment for cash Rp. 5.000.000
3 Paid Rp.400.000 cash for July office rent
4 Paid Rp.500.000 cash for supplies
5 Incurred Rp.250.000 of advertising cost in the Berita News on
account
6 Received Rp.5.100.000 in cash from customers for repair service
7 Declared and paid a Rp.1.000.000 cash dividend
8 Paid part-time employee salaries Rp.2.000.000
9 Paid utility bills Rp.140.000
10 Provided repair service on account to customers Rp.750.000
11 Collected cash of Rp.120.000 for services billed in transaction (10)

Intructions : Prepare a tabular analysis of the transactions.


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10/28/2018 Page 62
(a) MARGARETHA WULAN COMPANY
Equity
Accounts Accounts Share Retained Earnings
Cash + Receivable + Supplies + Equipment = Payable + Capital + Revenues – Expenses – Dividends

1. +£10,000 +£10,000 +
+ 10,000 = 0010,000
2. + –5,000 +£5,000 +000,
+ 5,000 + + 5,000 = + 0010,000 +
3. + –400 +00,000 –£400 (a)
+ 4,600 + + 5,000 = + 10,000 + –400
4. + –500 +£500 +00,000 +
+ 4,100 + + 500 + + 5,000 = + 10,000000
+ –400
5. +000,000 +0000 +00,000 +£250 –250 (b)
+ 4,100 + + 500 + + 5,000 = + 250 + 00010,000000
+ –650
6. –+4,700 +0000 +00,000 +0000 +£4,700 (c)
+ 8,800 + + 500 + + 5,000 = + 250 + 00010,000 + 4,700 –650
7. –1,000 +0000 +00,000 +0000 0 –£1,000 (d)
+ 7,800 + + 500 + + 5,000 = + 250 + 10,000 + 4,700 –650 –1,000
8. + –1,000 +0000 +00,000 +0000 –1,000 (e)
+ 6,800 + + 500 + + 5,000 = + 250 + 10,000 + 4,700 –1,650 –1,000
9. + –140 +0000 +00,000 +0000 –140 (f)
+ 6,660 + + 500 + + 5,000 = +0250 + 10,000 + 4,700 –1,790 –1,000
10. +000,000 +£980 +0000 +00,000 +0000 +980 (g)
+ 6,660 + + 980 + + 500 + + 5,000 = +0250 + 10,000 + 5,680 –1,790 –1,000
11. – +120 +–120
+£ 6,780 + +£860 + +£500 + +£5,000 = +£250 + £10,000 + £5,680 – £1,790 – £1,000
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10/28/2018 Page 63
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10/28/2018 Page 64

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