ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS

Lecture #1
 COURSE OUTLINE

• Hydrodynamics Review
• Steady Flow through Pipes
• Pipe Networks
• Water Turbines
• Centrifugal Pumps
• Reciprocating Pumps
 RECOMMENDED BOOKS

• Text Book:
• Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications
(10th Edition) by E. John Finnemore & Joseph B.
Franzini
• Reference Books:
• A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines (19th Edition) by R.S. Khurmi
• Applied Fluid Mechanics (6th Edition) by Robert L.
Mott
• Fluid Mechanics by A.K Jain
 INTRODUCTION
• Ideal Fluids:
• Such a fluid having a zero viscosity ( μ = 0) is called
an ideal fluid and the resulting motion is called as
ideal or inviscid flow. In an ideal flow, there is no
existence of shear force because of vanishing
viscosity.
• Real Fluids:
• All the fluids in reality have viscosity (μ > 0) and
hence they are termed as real fluid and their motion is
known as viscous flow.
 VORTEX
• In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region within
a fluid where the flow is mostly
a spinning motion about an imaginary axis,
straight or curved. That motion pattern is
called a vortical flow.
• Some common examples are smoke rings,
the whirlpools often seen
around the boats and paddles, and the winds
surrounding hurricanes, tornadoes and dust
devils.
 VORTEX FLOW

• The type of flow, in which a liquid flows continuously

round a curved path about a fixed axis of rotation is
called vortex flow.
 TYPES

• Forced or Rotational Flow

• Free or Ir-rotational Flow
 FORCED VORTEX FLOW
• It is a type of vortex flow, in which the vessel,
containing a liquid, is forced to rotate about the fixed
vertical axis with the help of a torque.

FREE VORTEX
• It is a type of flow, in which the liquid particles
describe circular paths, about a fixed vertical axis,
without any external force acting on the particles.
• The common example of a free vortex occurs when
the water escapes, through the hole in the bottom of a
wash basin.
 STEADY & UNSTEADY FLOW
Steady Flow
• A flow in which all
conditions (Velocity,
pressure, density,
discharge) at any point in a
stream remains constant
with respect to time, but
the conditions may be
different at different point,
is called steady flow.
Unsteady Flow
• A flow in which all
conditions (Velocity,
pressure, density, discharge)
at any point in a stream
changes with respect to
time is called un-steady
flow.
 FLOW TYPES (ALL COMBINATIONS)

• Steady uniform flow:

Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with
time.
• Steady non–uniform flow:
Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do
not change with time.
• Unsteady uniform flow:
At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are
the same, but will change with time.
• Unsteady non–uniform flow:
Every condition of the flow may change from point to point
and with time at every point.
 VISCOUS FLOWS

• The viscous flows may be classified into the

following two types depending upon the
factor, whether the viscosity is dominating or
not:

a) Laminar Flow
b) Turbulent Flow
 LAMINAR FLOW

• The first type of flow is known as laminar, streamline, or

viscous flow.
• Now we can define Laminar Flow as:
“If the liquid particles appear to move in definite smooth
paths and flow appears to be as a movement of thin layers on
top of each other, then the flow is called laminar flow.”
 TURBULENT FLOW

• The second type of flow is known as turbulent flow.

• It can be defined as:
“The liquid particles move in irregular paths which
are not fixed with respect to either time or space.”
 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

• If an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing through a

pipe or a channel (whose cross-sectional area may or may
not be constant) the quantity of liquid passing per second is
the same at all sections. This is known as equation of
continuity of liquid flow.
• Consider a tapering pipe through which some liquid is
flowing.
1
2
3
Let a 1  Cross - sectional area of pipe at section 1
v1  Velocity of the liquid at section 1
Similarly
a 2 , v2  Corresponding values at section 2
a 3 , v3  Corresponding values at section 3
We know that the total quantity of liquid passing through section 1,
Q1  a1.v1
Similarly, the total quantity of liquid passing through section 2
Q 2  a2 . v2
And the total quantity of liquid passing through section 3
Q 3  a 3 . v3
From the law of conservation of matter, we know that the total quantity
of liquid passing through the sections1, 2 and 3 is the same.
Therefore,
Q1  Q 2  Q 3
or a1.v1  a 2 .v2  a3 .v3