Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thermo Electric Effects & Temperature Measurement: Selection of An Instrument For A Need
Thermo Electric Effects & Temperature Measurement: Selection of An Instrument For A Need
Thermo Electric Effects & Temperature Measurement: Selection of An Instrument For A Need
Measurement
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
T
dE
Apply To above figure
dT
dE T dT
The EMF generated in material A between the junction at Tt and the
junction at Tj is
E A,tj A T dT
Tj
Tt
E AB A T dT B T dT
Tj Tt
Tt Tj
Basics of Thermocouple Thermometry
• A is the absolute Seebeck coefficient of material A, and B is the
absolute Seebeck coefficient of material B.
• The order of integration is specified by moving continuously
around the loop: from the terminal to the junction, and back to the
terminal.
• The position of the junction around the thermocouple circuit is
identified by the x coordinate.
• For the purpose of analyzing thermocouple circuits, the physical
length of wire is immaterial.
• Accordingly, x should be thought of an indicator of position only,
not a measure of distance.
• Notice that the value of EAB in above Equation is due to integrals
along the length of the thermocouple elements.
• This leads to an essential and often misunderstood fact of
thermocouple thermometry:
Misconception in Thermoelectricity
E AB A T dT B T dT
Tj Tt
Tt Tj
E AB A T dT B T dT A T B T dT
Tj Tj Tj
Tt Tt Tt
AB T A T B T
Tt
E AB AB T dT
Tj
Tt
Tt Tr Tj Tr
E15 C T dT P T dT N T dT C T dT
Tj Tj Tr Tr
Tt Tr Tj Tt
Tr Tj
Tr Tr
E15 P T N T dT
Tj
Tr
E15 PN T dT
Tj
Tr
Material EMF versus Temperature
Chromel
Iron
emf Copper
Platinum-Rhodium
With reference to
the characteristics
of pure Platinum
Alumel
Constantan
Temperature
Standard Thermocouples
• The ASTM identifies eight standard types of thermocouples.
Making of Thermocouple Junction
Ice-point