CONTRIBUTIONS OF

BIOTECHNOLOGISTS
AND
MICROBIOLOGISTS
LOPEZ, Aubrenica Rose Pauline T.
ChE-4101
 Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
The Father of
Microbiology

Single celled-organisms

Discoveries
1. Infusoria: discovered in 1674 - a unicellular algae
2. Bacteria: discovered in 1676 - a single celled microorganism
3. Spermatozoa: discovered in 1677 - a sperm cell.
4. Muscular Fibers: discovered in 1682 - first glimpsed at the "ban
ded pattern" of muscular fibrous tissues
 Robert Hooke
First person to use a microscope for
academic study

Plant Cells
He discovered plant cells

Microbes
The first person to report seeing microbes
under the microscope

Micrographia (1665)
Microscopic world
CELL
Hooke who coined the term “Cell”
 Robert Brown

Brownian motion
movement of small particles in solution, which
is named after him and he described and named the plan
t cell nuclei.
Plant cell nuclei
He described and named the plant cell nuclei.

Gymnosperms and Angiospemrs

Brown was the first to recognize the difference
between gymnosperms (conifers, cycads) an
d angiosperms (flowering plants).
 Friedrich
Miescher

Nucleic Acid
Nuclein because it seemed to come from cell n
uclei, became known as nucleic acid after
1874

Protamine
a protein commonly associated with
nucleic acids in salmon spermatozoa
 Robert Koch
Father of Clinical
Microbiology

Anthrax
Robert Koch's discovery of the anthra
x bacillus in 1876 launched the field of medical b
acteriology. A ‘golden age’ of scientific discovery
ensued.

1878
etimology of wound infection.

1900
Discoveries with Pasteur, led to
identification of 21 disease-causing
microorganisms.
 Joseph Lister
Father of Antiseptic
Surgery

1867
He applied Pasteur’s work and intro
duced antiseptio techniques in
surgery

Carbolic Acid
His antiseptic surgery involved the use
of carbolic acids
 Hans Christian
J. Gram

Gram Stain
microbiological staining techniq
ue that greatly aids in the identification
and characterization of bacteria

1884
He later published this
procedure.
 Louis Pasteur
Pasteur as a
Microbiologist

Germ Theory of Disease

• With his use of microbiology for medicine and surgery
he proved that many diseases were caused by the pre
sence of foreign microorganisms.
• Pasteur established the immunology branch of science.

RABIES
Development of vaccine against rabies
or hydrophobia.
 Richard Julius
Petri

Petri Dish
Petri dish has allowed the growth of bacteria on
solid surfaces under sterile conditions.

Petri also developed a technique

for cloning of bacterial strains.
 Richard Julius
Petri

Petri Dish
Petri dish has allowed the growth of bacteria on
solid surfaces under sterile conditions.

Petri also developed a technique

for cloning of bacterial strains.
 Dmitri Iosifovich
Ivanovsky

One of the founders of

Virology.

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

is a positive-sense single stranded RNA vir
us, genus tobamovirus that infects a wid
e range of plants, especially tobacco .
 Martinus Willem
Beijerinck

Beijerinck was the first to

recognize that viruses are
reproducing entities that are dif
ferent from other organisms.

He founded the discipline

of Virology.
 Alexander
Fleming

Discovering Penicillin
1928, The first form of antibiotiics.
Penicillium notatum.

Many illnesses, such as lung

and bladder infections, which are ca
used by bacteria can now be cured
thanks to antibiotics.
 Rosalind
Franklin
"Dark Lady of DNA"

DNA, RNA
Made contributions to the
understanding of the molecular
structures.

Double Helix Theory

Rosalind Franklin made a crucial contribution t
. o the discovery of the double helix structure of
DNA
 James Watson

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a

megamolecule that is the fundamental substan
ce in the process of genetic replication

Biotechnology and “Human

Genomer Project”
 Francis Crick

Double Helix
In 1953, together with Watson,
they constructed a molecular model repre
senting known physical and chemical pro
perties of DNA.

1961, Francis Crick and Sydney

Brenner provided genetic proof th
at a triplet code was used in readi
ng genetic material.
 Stanley Cohen

Achievements with Boyer

•Recombinant DNA produced in bacteria.
•First patent awarded for gene cloning.

January 17, 2018

Blood test detecting mutated DNA and pr
oteins released by tumours shown to pic
k up early signs of 8 common cancers.
 Herbert Boyer

Genetech
The first dedicated biotechnology com
pany.

1973
Recombinant DNA produced in
bacteria.

1980
First patent awarded for gene
cloning.
 Paul Berg

Gene Splicing
Berg’s gene-splicing experiment result
ed in the first man-made recombinant DNA, as s
uch molecules came to be called.

Recombinant DNA
Berg’s later research at Stanford
focused on the mechanism of
repairing DNA damage.
 Kary Mullis

Polymerase Chain
Reaction
a simple technique that allows a spec
ific stretch of DNA to be copied billions of times
in a few hours.

Received a Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1993.