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Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) : Ahmed Refaat Abd Elzaher
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) : Ahmed Refaat Abd Elzaher
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) : Ahmed Refaat Abd Elzaher
Disease (GTD)
By
Ahmed Refaat Abd ELzaher
1. Complete mole
23X 23X
23X
sperm empty egg
46,XX
23X
23Y 23X 23X
23Y 23X
sperm sperm normal egg
69,XXY
23X
23X 23X 23X
23X 23X
sperm sperm Normal egg
69,XXX
Hydatidiform Mole
Clinical Manifestations:
• Vaginal bleeding (97%) /anemia
• Enlarged uterus (size > dates)
• Pelvic pain
• Theca lutein cysts
• Hyperemesis gravidarum
• Hyperthyroidism
• Preeclampsia <20 weeks gestation
• Vaginal passage of hydropic vesicles
• Partial mole usually presented as incomplete or
missed abortion
Diagnosis
• Complete :
U/S usually very sensitive – generalized
swelling (snow-storm )
• partial mole
U/S may detect focal cystic spaces of varying
diameter
Diagnosis on histology of curettings
Complete vs. partial mole
Feature Complete Partial
Karyotype Diploid(usually Triploid
46,xx or rarely (69,xxx or 69,
46,xy) xxy)
Swelling of chorionic villi diffuse focal
Trophoblastic hyperplasia diffuse focal
Embryonic tissue absent Present
hCG Often > 100,000 usually<
100,000
Trophoblastic sequelae 15 - 20% <5%
Theca lutein cysts Up to 25% Rare
chemotherapy
HM don’t need usually chemotherapy
because HM is benign disease.
Follow-Up Care – Molar Pregnancy
• 80% of patients cured by evacuation
• Follow B-hCG levels every two weeks until 3 consecutive tests
negative
• Then monthly B-hCG every month for 6-12 months
• More than half of patients will have complete regression of
hCG to normal within 2 months of evacuation.
• Avoid pregnancy for at least 6 months after first normal B-hCG
(oral contraceptive pills is preferable)
• Subsequent Pregnancies:
– Send placenta for pathology
– Check B- hCG 6 weeks postpartum
Prognosis
• Complete mole has the latent risk of local
invasion or telemetastasis
• The high-risk factors includes
– β-HCG>100000IU/L
– uterine size is > 20 weeks size.
– the luteinizing cyst is >6cm
– If >40 years old,the risk of invasion and metastasis
may be 37%, If >50 years old,the risk of invasion
and metastasis may be 56%.
– repeated mole: the morbidity of invasion and
metastasis increase 3~4 times
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
(GTN)
• Persistent/Invasive Mole
• Choriocarcinoma
• Placental-Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT)
** Malignant
Risk Factors for GTN After Mole
• Preevacuation uterine size greater than
gestationl age or larger than 20 weeks
gestation
• Theca-lutein cysts larger than 6 cm
• Age > 40 years
• Serum hCG levels > 100,000 mIU/mL
• Previous hydatidiform mole
Invasive Mole
• Myometrial invasion by hydatidiform mole
• Formerly known as chorioadenoma destruens
• 1 in 15,000 pregnancies
• 10-17% of hydatidiform moles will progress to
invasive moles
Persistent Mole
Definition of persistent molar disease and need for
chemotherapy (at least one of the following):
– B-hCG plateau for ≥ 4 values for ≥ 3 weeks
– B-hCG increase of ≥ 10% for ≥ 3 values for ≥ 2
weeks
– B-hCG persistence 6 months after molar
evacuation
– Histopathologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma
– Presence of metastatic disease
Choriocarcinoma
• Most aggressive type of GTN
• Abnormal trophoblastic hyperplasia
• Absence of chorionic villi
• Direct invasion of myometrium
• Most often develops from a complete
hydatidiform mole
• Vascular spread to distant sites:
– Lungs
– Brain
– Liver
– Pelvis and vagina
– Spleen, intestines, and kidney
Choriocarcinoma
• May come from any type of pregnancy
- 25% follow abortion or tubal pregnancy
- 25% with term gestation
- 50% from hydatidiform moles
• 2-3% of moles progress to choriocarcinoma
• Incidence 1 in 40,000 pregnancies
Combination Chemotherapy:
• EMACO:
– Day 1: Etoposide, Methotrexate and Dactinomycin
– Day 8: Cyclophosphamide and Vincristine
(Oncovorin)
– Repeat q2 weeks until remission
– Continue for at least 2-3 cycles beyond first normal
hCG
• MAC (Methotrexate, Dactinomycin, Cyclophosphamide)
• EMA/EP – EMA + Etoposide and Cisplatin
Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors
• Surgery
– It is indicated for tumor resistant to
chemotherapy and single metastases persisting
despite chemotherapy.
• RT
– RT, in combination with chemotherapy, is clearly
indicated for the primary management of patients
with brain metastases.
PSTT Therapy
• Hysterectomy
• Chemotherapy for metastatic disease or
nonmetastatic disease with poor prognosis:
- Interval from index pregnancy > 2 years
- Deep myometrial invasion
- Tumor necrosis
- Mitotic count > 6 per 10 high-power fields
• Survival rates:
– ~100% for nonmetastatic disease
– 50-60% for metastatic disease
Follow-up Care
• After completion of chemotherapy, follow
serial hCG every 2 weeks for three months,
then monthly for one year
• Physical examinations every 6-12 months and
imaging as indicated
Reproductive Performance
• Most women resume normal ovarian
function
• Women who undergo chemotherapy are
advised not to conceive for one year after
completion of treatment
• No increase risk of stillbirths, abortions,
congenital anomalies, prematurity, or major
obstetric complications
False Positive Serum hCG
• Phantom hCG syndrome/ phantom
choriocarcinoma
• 3-4% of healthy individuals have human-antimouse
antibodies that can mimic hCG immunoreactivity
• To verify:
– Urine hCG should be negative
– Should not show parallel decrease with serial dilutions
– Test at national B-hCG reference lab
Summary
• Hydatidiform mole is a benign condition, 80%
cured with suction D&C
• Malignant GTN:
– Persistent or invasive mole
– Choriocarcinoma
– PSTT
• WHO score > 7 represents high-risk disease
• GTN very sensitive to chemotherapy
Thank You For Your Time