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Mineral Color and Pleochroism
Mineral Color and Pleochroism
Color
True color
Not interference colors
Observed in plane polarized light
Not crossed nicols
Most minerals are colorless
Pleochroism
Property of having two or more true colors
Occurs only in anisotropic minerals
Each principal vibration direction has a unique
color
Preferentially absorbs selected wavelengths of
light
Pleochroism – Glaucophane
(amphibole – Na, Mg, Fe – Silicate)
Pleochroism – orthopyroxene – (Ca,
Fe, Mg – Silicate)
Color depends on which vibration direction
parallels polarized direction
Slow ray has one color
Fast ray another color
Color intermediate if neither direction parallel
to polarized direction
Pleochroic formula
Relationship of color to index of refraction (a,
b, g, e, w) that shows the color
Pleochroic formula
Four Categories:
Parallel extinction – feature (usually cleavage)
parallel to cross hairs at extinction
Inclined extinction – extinction when feature
is at an angle to cross hairs
Symmetrical extinction – occurs in minerals
with two cleavages: bisect cleavage
No extinction angle – minerals with no
elongation or cleavage
Parallel Inclined
No extinction
Symmetrical angle
Fig. 7.32
Extinction may not be uniform
Physically deformed minerals
Minerals with variable chemical
composition (chemically zoned)
Undulatory Extinction
Zoned Extinction
Extinction angle
Fig. 7-31
Possible to determine chemical
composition from extinction angle
Michel-Levy technique
Michel-Levy Technique
c
Section cut Cut of mineral must be
perpendicular to with {010} plane vertical,
b
{010} b crystallographic axis
Albite twin a horizontal
lamellae
b b
NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8
Characteristics: High plagioclase = volcanic
•Sharp boundaries between twins
•Twin lamellae have same interference colors
Low plagioclase = plutonic
Fig. 12.15 & 12.17
Albite
Na-feldspar
NaAlSi3O8 Feldspars - Triclinic
Z minerals:
b
•Two cleavages
X b
Z
•Many types of twins
X
Extinction angles show
An0 to An10 An30 to An50
relationship between X-Y-
Z
Z axes (indicatrix axes)
Z
and a-b-c axes
(crystallographic axes)
b b
X
X Anorthite
An50 to An70 An90 to An100 Ca-feldspar
CaAl2Si2O8
p. 245
Sign of Elongation