Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 72

Cardiac Tamponade

Ns. Suryani Rahman,SKep.,MM,SpKV


24 September 2017
Fisiologi Cairan Perikardium
• Diantara lapisan
pericardium parietal dan
lapisan perikardium
visceral terdapat ruang
atau space yang berisi
pelumas atau cairan
serosa atau yang disebut
dengan cairan
perikardium. Banyaknya
cairan perikardium ini
antara 15 - 50 ml
Contractility of cardiac
Review Anatomi Pericardial
Pericardial Tamponade
• Intrapericardial pressure
increases and compromises
systemic venous return to
the right atrium
LV
• myocardial transmural
RV
pressure =
intracardiac pressure –
intrapericardial pressure RA LA

RA
Tamponade jantung
adalah merupakan
suatu sindroma klinis
akibat penumpukan
cairan berlebihan di
rongga perikard yang
menyebabkan
penurunan pengisian
ventrikel disertai
gangguan hemodinamik
(Dharma, 2009 : 67)
Causes of pericarditis or
pericardial effusion
• Infection- viral, TB, bacterial, fungal, HIV
• Malignancy
• - Primary
• - Metastatic
• Post-cardiac injury syndrome (after trauma or cardiothoracic surgery)
• Acute myocardial infarction (acute, delayed)
• Metabolic-uremia, hypothyroidism
• Collagen vascular diseases- rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus
• Radiation
• Idiopathic
Epidemiology
Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in
1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB. It is the most common
cause of pericarditis in Africa. In one series from the Western
Cape Province of South Africa, tuberculous pericarditis
accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic
Pericardiocentesis. Recent studies of patients with TB pericarditis
in sub-Saharan Africa found the overall mortality rate in the
range of 17-27%. Risk of death was higher in patients with HIV
infection, older age, and co-existing pulmonary tuberculosis
How Is Cardiac Tamponade
Diagnosed?
These signs are commonly known as Beck’s triad. They
include:
• low blood pressure and weak pulse because the
volume of blood your heart is pumping is reduced
• extended neck veins because they’re having a hard
time returning blood to your heart
• a rapid heartbeat combined with muffled heart
sounds due to the expanding layer of fluid inside
your pericardium
Pericardial effusion
Cardiac ultrasound demonstrating large pericardial effusion and right
ventricular collapse. Impaired filling of the right ventricle during diastole
is visible (ò) during inspiration. This even increases during expiration,
when right ventricle almost collapses (òò). (Courtesy Dr. Tom Heller,
Munich)
EKG
Kompleks QRS Low-voltage, Amplitudo rendah pada semua sadapan
Elektrikal altenans: kompleks QRS alternan, biasanya rasio 2:1, terjadi karena
pergerakan jantung pada ruang pericardium
Sinus tachycardia
LABORATORIUM
• Peningkatan ureum dan creatine karena adanya
penurunan suplai ke ginjal karena penurunan CO.
• Cek enzim pada MI dan trauma jantung.
• Protrombin time (PT) dan aPTT (activated partial
thromboplastin time) dan faktor koagulasi lainnya
menilai resiko perdarahan selama intervensi misalnya
drainase pericardial, ataupun riwayat perdarahan
pada post operasi jantung.
• Cek HB, HT, Leukosit, Trombosit, analisa gas darah
dan elektrolit.
What Are the Symptoms of
Cardiac Tamponade?

Cardiac tamponade has the following


symptoms:
• anxiety and restlessness
• low blood pressure
• weakness
• chest pain radiating to your neck, shoulders,
or back
• trouble breathing or taking deep breaths
• rapid breathing
• discomfort that’s relieved by sitting or leaning
forward
• fainting, dizziness, and loss of consciousness
How Is Cardiac
Tamponade Treated?
Drainage is done in two ways:
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiectomy or pericardial
window

18
PERICARDIOSINTESIS

Perikardiosentesis
merupakan tindakan
aspirasi efusi perikard atau
pungsi perikard.
Lokasi : seringnya di
subxyphoid
Pericardiocentesis adalah
pilihan terapi untuk pasien
dengan efusi perikardial
berulang atau tamponade.
Treatments
• Drain the fluid. Your doctor can enter the
pericardial space with a needle and then use a
small tube (catheter) to drain fluid — a
procedure called pericardiocentesis
• Open heart surgery. If there's bleeding into
the pericardium, especially due to recent
heart surgery or other complicating factors,
you might have surgery to drain the
pericardium and repair damage.
Open the layers. Balloon pericardiotomy is a
rarely performed procedure in which a
deflated balloon is inserted between the
layers of the pericardium and inflated to
stretch them.
Remove the pericardium. The surgical removal
of all or part of the pericardium
(pericardiectomy) is usually reserved for
treatment of recurring pericardial effusions
despite catheter drainage.
Drain the fluid
Open heart surgery
Balloon pericardiotomy
PENATALAKSANAAN
1. Primary Survey
Oksigen.
Obat – obat untuk menaikkan tekanan darah diperlukan
sampai terapi cairan dilakukan.
Terapi cairan diperlukan sampai dilakukan
perokardiosintesis
2. Lakukan pengeluaran cairan tamponade dengan :
Pericardiosintesis
Pericardiotomy
Subxiphoid limited pericardiotomy
3. Identifikasi penyebab tamponade  terapi
LANJUTAN
• Penekanan langsung pada sumber perdarahan
eksternal
• Pasang kateter IV
• Berikan komponen darah
• Beri cairan kristaloid
• Bed rest dengan elevasi tungkai untuk membantu
venous return
• Obat-obatan Inotropic : ini bermanfaat karena
meningkatkan cardiac output
• Pemasangan kateter urin untuk monitoring intake
output
WHAT TO DO ?
WHAT TO DO ?
• Pengkajian
• Ada perhatian khusus terhadap pasien-pasien yang
beresiko terjadi tamponade
• Cari penyebab
• Lihat tanda dan gejala
• Berikan terapi IV dan cegah komplikasi
• Berikan penjelasan pada pasien untuk bedrest 
kemudian lapor dokter
• Cegah infeksi paska bedah
Nursing Management of
Cardiac Tamponade
Patient Assessment
• Assess cardiovascular status: monitor for
jugular vein distention and presence of
Kussmaul’s sign.
• Note skin temperature, color, and capillary
refill.
• Assess amplitude of femoral pulse during
quiet breathing.
• Assess level of consciousness for changes that
may indicate decrease cerebral perfusion.
Hemodynamic monitoring
Exertional dyspnoea
Nursing Diagnosis:
Decreased cardiac
output related to
Acute Care reduced ventricular
Management filling secondary to
increased
intrapericardial
pressure.
Patient Monitoring
• Continuously monitor ECG for dysrhythmia formation, which
may result of myocardial ischemia secondary to epicardial
coronary artery compression.
• Monitor the BP every 5 to 15 minutes during the acute phase.
• Monitor for pulsus paradoxus via arterial tracing or during
manual BP reading.
• Monitor urine output hourly; a drop in urine output may
indicate decreased renal perfusion as a result of decreased
stroke volume secondary to cardiac compression.
Preload
• Pressure Afterload
• Resistance Contractilitas
• Flow Heart Rate
Aorta

Lung

PA Left
Pulmonal
atrium
vein

Right
Atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Multi organ failure
Myocardial Oxygen Balance

Preload
O2 Extraction
Afterload Diastolic Time
Heart Rate Diastolic Pressure
Contractility Coronary Artery Flow

Demand Supply
Cases of cardiac tamponade in
hospital
History and physical examination
• A 40-year-old, He complained of fever, cough
productive of mucoid sputum without
haemoptysis and chest pain for four months,
weight loss for two months and abdominal
and lower limb swelling for one month. In
addition he had fatigue, palpitations and
exertional dyspnoea but denied orthopnoea.
Physical Examination
He was wasted and sleepy but oriented and speaking in full
sentences. Glasgow Coma Score 15/15. Pulse 102/minute and
weak and thready. Respiratory rate 40/minute. Blood pressure
80/40. Pale but no jaundice. Pitting lower limb oedema up to
the knees. Chest auscultation revealed crackles at both bases.
The heart sounds were muffled but there were no added
sounds, murmurs or friction rubs. The jugular venous pressure
could not be determined. The abdomen was soft, distended
with a fluid thrill and tender hepatosplenomegaly. Bowel
sounds were normal.
Invesgitions
• A chest X-ray showed a massively enlarged cardiac
silhouette and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates or
oedema. An urgent bedside ultrasound showed a
large pericardial effusion of about 2 cm, right atrial
collapse and right ventricular collapse in diastole
• HIV testing was negative. A further chest Xray
showed the same features as the one that was
brought with the patient.
Comment
• The patient presented with cardiac tamponade, the
most severe complication of TB pericarditis.
Emergency pericardiocentesis was possible using
ultrasound to guide the insertion of the aspirating
needle.
kasus
A. Pengkajian
1. Identitas :
Nama : Ny. M
Umur : 56 th
Tgl masuk RS : 12 Juli 2017
Tgl pengkajian : 31 Juli 2017 jam 16.00
Berat badan : 65 kg
Tinggi badan : 155 cm
Diagnosa masuk : CHF fc II-III ec MS mod-sev,
mobile thrombus di LA, AFNVR.
Operasi : 2 Agustus 2017 Urgent MVR
St. jude mechanic no. 25 (12 jahitan), evakuasi
thrombus di LA
A. Pengkajian
• Keluhan utama : Pasien pindahan IW bedah
karena hemodinamik tidak stabil, penurunan
kesadaran, desaturasi, dan diputuskan
intubasi, didiagnosa Tamponade.
• Riwayat kesehatan : rujukan RSU Tangerang→
operasi →lama rawat karena intubasi lama ec
infeksi paru, riwayat CVVH, HD senin kamis.
• Riwayat dulu : tidak ada sakit jantung, DM, Hipertensi,
dislipidemia disangkal
• Riwayat psikosoial : keluarga cemas, ps tidak kunjung
sembuh, dan harus operasi lagi, penjelasan (+)
• Pemeriksaan fisik :
- Subyektif : terintubasi, DPO
- Obyektif : kesadran somnolen, DPO, terintubasi dengan
modus ASV 100%, fiO2 50 %, saturasi perifer 100 %.
Tekanan darah 85/37 mmhg dengan NIBP, nadi 102
x/menit, suhu 35,6 C, irama tidak teratur, CVP 24
mmhg. Total cairan masuk (minum dan intravena)
1390 cc, cairan keluar (urin) 310cc dlm 10 jam, 2jam
terakhir urin (-)
• Kepala dan leher : tidak ada kelainan
• Mata : konjugtiva anemis, sklera tidak ikterik
• Dada : Pergerakan dada simetris, vesikuler, ronchi
kasar di ½ lapang kedua paru kanan,di paru-paru
kiri ronkhi di basal, wheezing (-), pernapasan : 21
x/mnt tampak napas spontan di ventilator. Bunyi
jantung 1 dan 2 melemah. Mur-mur (-), gallop (-),
bunyi katup (+). Pulsus paradoksus sulit dikaji
• Abdomen : tidak ada kelainan
• Ekstremitas : oedema (-), kemampuan motorik
lemah, akral dingin, nadi sulit teraba, capillary
refill > 3 detik, tidak terpasang arteri line.
• Pemeriksaan penunjang
- Hasil echocardiography :
Kontraktilitas LV menurun, EF 43 %, RV
tertekan oleh effusi pericard banyak, status
volume kurang, low filling pressure di kanan,
kesan tamponade.
-Rontgen thorak
• Laboratorium :
- analisa gas darah : alkalosis respiratorik
terkompensasi sebagian.
• Hematologi : HB : 7,3 g/dl, HT : 21, leu : 6370,
TR : 117
• Fungsi renal : Ur : 145, Cr : 1,95, BUN : 68
• Koagulasi : PT : 30,6 (12,2), APTT : >150 (
32,4), INR : 7,28, Fibrinogen : 533
• GDS : 200
• Elektrolit : Na : 130, K : 3,1, Ca : 1,9, Cl : 101,
Mg : 1,6
Therapy
• Flucanozole 1 x 200 mg IV
• Amikasin 1 x 750 mg IV
• Sulbactam cefeforazone 3 x 2 gr IV
• OMZ 2 x 40 mg IV
• Ranitidine 2 x 150 mg IV
• Paracetamol 3 x 1 gr PO
• Carvedilol 1 x 6,25 mg PO
• Aspar K 2 x 1 tablet PO
• Inpepsa syrup 3 x 1 C PO
• Nebulizer ventolin 2 x/ hari
• Captopril 3 x 6,25 mg PO
• Simarc tunda, riwayat minum simarc 27/8-29/8 3mg-3mg-3mg-INR
• Iv line : dobutamin 7,5 mikro/kgbb/mnt dan MO 20
mikro/kgbb/mnt
• Intruksi baru : Adrenalin IV titrasi, vitamin K 4 ampul IV
B. Diagnosa
• Penurunan cardiac output berhubungan dengan
penurunan preload dan kontraktilitas
• Gangguan pertukaran gas berhubungan dengan
adanya perubahan membran kapiler alveoli
sekunder adanya retensi cairan karena gangguan
pengisian rongga jantung.
• Aritmia berhubungan dengan imbalance elektrolit
• Resiko tinggi perdarahan intra op (redo)
berhubungan dengan terganggunya koagulasi
darah
Evaluasi
Tanggal 2/8/2017 jam 10.00
• Diagnosa 1

S : terintubasi (keluhan dijawab dengan isyarat), sesak (-), lemas (+)

O : kesadaran compos mentis, orientasi baik, akral hangat, pulsasi


perifer adekuat, BP 135/75 mmhg, HR 103 x/mnt, suhu 36,5 C, CVP
14 mmhg, pasien masih terintubasi dengan modus ventilasi P SIMV
Pc 12, PEEP 5, FiO2 40%, rate 6 x/mnt. Saturasi perifer 100 %.
Capillary refill 2 detik, urin output 10 cc/2 jam. Irama AF rapid,
edema perifer (-), pasien belum echo evaluasi.

A : masalah aktual teratasi tapi masih menjadi resiko

P : lanjut intervensi DX 1
Diagnosa 2
S : terintubasi (pasien menjawab dengan anggukan kepala) sesak (-), batuk
(+)

O : pasien masih terintubasi dengan modus ventilasi P SIMV Pc 12, PEEP 5,


FiO2 40%, rate 6 x/mnt. Saturasi perifer 100 %. Albumin 2,6 RO thorak
tanggal 1/8/2013 Presentasi AP, CTR 55 %, segmen aorta normal, corakan
vaskularisasi paru normal, pinggang jantung (+), batas apex tidak jelas,
tampak cardiomegali, effuse paru kanan berkurang dari hari sebelumnya,
drain di pleura kanan (+), tidak tampak double counter di ventrikel kanan.
Drain substrenal(+) drain pericard dengan pigtail (+)
Hasil astrup arteri PH 7,47/pO2 186/ pCO2 18/ HCO3 13,0/ BE -8,9/saturasi
98,9 %
hasil astrup vena PH 7,40/ pO2 26/pCO2 23/HCO3 14,5/BE-8,8/ saturasi
54,7 %

A : masalah teratasi sebagian

P : lanjut intervensi DX 2
Pasien cardiac tamponade yang dilakukan
tindakan re open
No Nama DX Hemodinamik sebelum Redo Post Redo

1 Tn.Hy MVR,AVR BP 106/76, HR 116X/,mt. CVP 15 BP 120/70 -140/ 70


TH/ vascon 0,3 adrenalin, dobutamin 7,5 CVP 10-13, hr 100 -120 post redo
micro. urine 50-100cc /jam drain 50- obatobatan di stop
740cc/jam Drain 30-40cc/jam
Urine 100-200/jam
2 Tn.Ok CABG BP 80/50 – 90/60 HR 100 – 120, cvp 8-10 Bp120/ 60 – 130/70 HR 80X/mt, CVP 8
Drain 200-430cc/jam urine 40-60cc/jam Drain 10-30cc/jam,exttbasipsnpindahiw

3 Tn. R CABG,MVR BP 60/40 CVP 13-24, HR 124X/mt Bp 112/55 HR 77x/mt


Drain180-550cc/jam CVP 14
Urine 80cc jam Drain 40-50cc/jam
Vascon 0,2. Adr 0,2 Urine 100-120cc/jam
Vascon 0,09. Adr 0,05
4 Tn. M.Y CABG BP 70/40-90/50 BP 120/50-13-/60
HR 100-120x/mt HR 80-88x/mt
CVP 15- 20 CVP 11-16
Drin 90-250 Drain 10-30
Urine 30-100 Urine 40-180
Vascon 0,25. Dob 5 Vascon 0,07. Dob 3

(Data Med Rek RSJPDHK periode April – Juli tahun 2017)


Patient Management
• Provide supplemental oxygen as ordered.
• Initiate two large-bore intravenous lines for fluid
administration to maintain filling pressure.
• Pharmacologic therapy may include dobutamine to enhance
myocardial contractility and decrease peripheral
vascularresistance.
• Monitor the patient for dysrhythmias
• Surgical intervention to identify and repair bleeding site, to
evacuate clots in the mediastinum, to resects or open the
pericardium.
WSD

SELANG PENAMPUNG SISA DARAH


DRAINASE &URINE

58
Pengkajian Respirasi
 Kaji warna
kulit,pernafasan, saturasi
 Hubungkan ventilator
 Lihat pergerakan dada
 Auskultasi Air Entry di
kedua lapang paru
 Pastikan kedalaman ETT,
fiksasi dibibir 19 -23 cm
 Pastikan humidifikasi
berfungsi baik
 Cek Astrup
Pengkajian Neurologis
• Pastikan kesadaran
pasien dg cara
memanggil nama
pasien atau
menganjurkan pasien
untuk menggerakkan
tangan / kaki
• Pastikan waktu
pemberian sedasi atau
relaksan yang terakhir
Pengkajian Sistem Renal
Gantungkan urine bag
disisi tempat tidur
• Keluarkan urin dari bag
lalu ukur dengan gelas
ukur
• Catat di flow sheet;
jumlah, warna,
kepekatan
• Lab fungsi renal
Pengkajian – Intervensi
Gastro Intestinal
• Pastikan letak yang tepat pemasangan NGT
• Biarkan NGT terbuka dan mengalir secara
pasif ke dalam kantong/ bag
• Observasi cairan yang keluar; jlh, warna
• Kolaborasi medis bila cairan yang keluar
berwarna merah/ darah
•Preload
•Contractility
•Afterload
•HR
Outcome Criteria
• Patient alert and oriented
• Skin warm and dry
• Pulses strong and equal bilaterally
• Capillary refill <3 sec
• HR 60 to 100 beats/min
• BP 90 to 120 mm Hg
• Pulse pressure 30 to 40 mm Hg
• Urine output 30 ml/hr or 1 ml/kg/hr
Diagnosa keperawatan
 Penurunan curah jantung berhubungan dengan penurunan preload
kontraktilitas ventrikel kiri sekunder terhadap adanya penurunan
kemampuan dilatasi jantung akibat akumulasi cairan dalam rongga
perikardium.
 Aktual/Resiko gangguan pertukaran gas berhubungan dengan adanya
perubahan membran kapiler alveoli sekunder adanya retensi cairan
karena gangguan pengisian rongga jantung.
 Gangguan perfusi jaringan perifer berhubungan dengan penurunan
curah jantung
 Ggn rasa nyaman : nyeri dada berhubungan dengan penurunan suplai
oksigen ke miokard.
 Cemas berhubungan dengan rasa takut akan kematian, penurunan
status kesehatan, situasi kritis,vancaman dan perubahan kesehatan.
 Intoleransi aktifitas yang berhubungan dengan ketidakseimbangan
antar suplai oksigen ke jaringan dengan kebutuhan sekunder
penurunan curah jantung.
Implementasi
Keperawatan

Etiologi

Masalah teratasi
Evaluasi

S
O
A
P
KESIMPULAN
• Tamponade jantung merupakan kondisi
hemodinamik yang bisa mengancam kehidupan yang
disebabkan oleh adanya effusi pericardial yang
menekan jantung sehingga membutuhkan
penanganan segera agar tidak mengakibatkan
keadaan kegawatan yang lebih lanjut bahkan
kematian
• Perawatan pasien dengan cardiac tamponade
memerlukan integritas yang tinggi dari perawat
• Cardiac Tamponade hrs segera diatasi agar tidak
terjadi multi organ failure (MOF)
Referensi
1. Little WC, Freeman GL. Contemporary Reviews in
Cardiovascular Medicine: Pericardial Disease. Circulation.
2006; 113: 1622-1632.
2. Khandaker MH, Espinosa RE, Nishimura RA, Sinak LJ, Hayes SN,
Melduni RM et al. Pericardial Disease: Diagnosis and
Management. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2010 June; 85(6):572-593
3.Mayosi BM, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF. Tuberculous Pericarditis.
Circulation. 2005;112:3608-3616
4. Sagrista-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J.
Tuberculous pericarditis: ten-year experience with a
prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 1988;11:724 –728.
5. Heller T, Lessells RJ, Wallrauch C, Brunetti E. Tuberculosis
Pericarditis with Cardiac Tamponade: Management in the
Resource-Limited Setting. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010
December 6; 83(6): 1311–1314.
6. Fowler NO. Tuberculosis pericarditis. J Am Med Assoc. 1991;
266: 99–103.
7. Mayosi BM, Wiysonge CS, Ntskhe M, Gumedze F, Volvink JA,
Maartens G et al. Mortality in patients treated for tuberculous
pericarditis in sub-Saharan Africa. S Afr Med J. 2008. Jan;
98(1):36-40.

You might also like