SPECIAL

COMPONENTS OF

TALCHER – KOLAR

BIPOLAR HVDC
Lecture by
P.RANGA RAO
Chief Manager / Kolar
HVDC EQUIPMENTS

What are the Special

Components of HVDC?
MAIN COMPONENTS OF HVDC
1. Converter Transformer
2. Valve Hall
3. AC Harmonic Filters
4. Shunt Capacitors
5. DC Harmonic Filters
6. Smoothing Reactors
7. DC Current / Voltage measuring devices
8. Valve Cooling / Ventilation System
9. Valve Timing PT
10. VESDA
11. Electrode Station
12. Repeater Station
 Basic Components of HVDC Terminal

Converter Xmers
DC Line
AC Harmonic
400 kV Smoothing Reactor
filters

DC
Filter

Electrode
station

AC Shunt
Capacitors

Valve Hall Valve Cooling

-Thyristors / Ventilation
system -Control & Protection
-Telecommunication
CONVERTER TRANSFORMER

400KV SIDE
BUSHING

STAR DELTA
BUSHINGS BUSHING
Converter Transformer
CONVERTER TRANSFORMERS

 Three Singe Phase Transformers for each Pole

 Each Transformer is of Three Windings
 Winding -1 connected to 400KV side in Star
 Winding -2 connected to one six pulse bridge in
Star
 Winding -3 connected to second six pulse bridge
in Delta
 Easy transportation
FEATURES OF CONVERTER TRANSFORMERS

 Automatic onload tap changer control with

appropriate make and break capacity
 Extra insulation due to DC currents

 Proper conductors and magnetic shunts to

take care of the extra losses due to harmonic
currents
 Very rugged and reliable OLTC as tap-
changing is a integral means of conversion
process and control.
Converter Transformer Ratings

•Type of converter transformer : Single phase three windings

•Rated power of line / star / delta winding (MVA) : 397/198.5/198.5

•Rated current of line / star / delta winding (A): 1719/1635/944

•Rated Voltage of Line/star/delta winding (No-load):

400/√3/210.3/√3/210.3

•Tap changer (voltage range) : -5 % to +20 %

•Tap changer steps : 16 to -4 (21 steps)
•Tap changer current capacity : 2X2000A

•Cooling arrangement : ODAF

Converter Transformer Ratings

 No load losses – 192KW

 Load losses - 760KW @75°C
 Oil type – Napthanic, Shell Diala
 Bushings
 Line side – oil filled
 Valve side – Y – SF6 filled
 Valve side – D – RIP condenser
 Total weight – 461 Ton
 Oil weight – 118.7 Ton
Converter Transformer Connection

Valve Hall
1-ph 3 winding
Converter
D Transformer

Y R

Y Y

B
Y

Outdoor
 Converter Transformer Cooling control

 Automatic daily changeover of cooling pumps and fans

 5 groups of fans and pumps
 Each group – One oil circulating pump & 3 cooling fans
 4 groups will be in service with 2 fans each
 One redundant group – changeovers every day
 Extra fans will switch ON when winding temperature > 75ºC
 Redundant group will switch ON when winding temperature >85ºC
 WTI Alarm - 115ºC
 WTI Trip - 130ºC
 OTI Alarm - 85ºC
 OTI Trip - 95ºC
Converter
Transformer internal
connection
HVDC VALVE HALL LAYOUT
 Multiple Valve Unit
• Indoor type
• Air insulation
• Direct water cooling of all components in the valve producing losses
• Application of single thyristors with a high current carrying and voltage
blocking capability (no parallel connection of thyristors)
• Optoelectronic firing and monitoring system from the ground to thyristor
potential and vice versa without intermediate electronics
• Monitoring of the status of all thyristor levels during operation
• Protective firing of the thyristors as back up firing for self protection of
the valves against high over voltages in forward direction
• Direct parallel connected surge arresters to each valve
Valve Hall Layout Cross Section

Converter Valves

Converter
Transformer
Smoothing Rector

DC Bushing

Valve Hall
 MULTIPLE VALVE UNIT
Grd
Quadruplevalve Valve

Arrester

AC

Multiple
D
Y
Y
Valve
Unit
AC

DC
Circuit Diagram of the Converters for Pole 1
Valve Tower side view

1. AC Terminal 6. Thyristor Module

2. DC Terminal 7. Insulator • Max. length of fibre optic cables in quadruple valve Lmax =
17.5m
3. Cooling Water Inlet 8. Arrester
4. Cooling Water Outlet 9. Screen • Weight of quadruple valve without arresters: approx. 19300
kg
5. Fiber Optic Cables Tubes
• All dimensions in mm
Valve Tower top view / 3D view

• Max. length of fibre optic cables in quadruple valve Lmax =

17.5m
• Weight of quadruple valve without arresters: approx. 19300
kg
• All dimensions in mm
1. AC Terminal 6. Thyristor Module
2. DC Terminal 7. Insulator
3. Cooling Water Inlet 8. Arrester
4. Cooling Water Outlet 9. Screen
5. Fibre Optic Cables Tubes
 Valve Structure

Valve Section / tier Single Valve Quadra Valve

 Hierarchy of
valve structure

Each Thyristor level consists

•Thyristor
•Snubber circuit – to prevent high
dv/dt
•Snubber Capacitor
•Snubber Resistor
•Valve Reactor – to prevent high
di/dt
•Grading Resistor – to equilize the
potential across all the levels in a
valve – static equalizing
•Grading capacitor – dynamic
equalizing
Components in one valve

Component Population Population

at Talcher at Kolar
Thyristor 84 78
Snubber Capacitor 84 78
Snubber Resistor 84 78
Valve Reactor 24 24
Grading Capacitor 6 6
Grading Resistor 84 78
Valve arrester 1 1
TE card 84 78
Components in one Pole
Component Population Population
at Talcher at Kolar
Thyristor 1008 936
Snubber Capacitor 1008 936
Snubber Resistor 1008 936
Valve Reactor 288 288
Grading Capacitor 72 72
Grading Resistor 1008 936
Valve arrester 144 144
TE card 1008 936
 Thyristor Module
GRADING CAPACITOR

SNUBBER CAPACITOR

SNUBBER RESISTOR

COOLING PIPE-PEX

THYRISTOR

TE CARD

FIBRE OPTICS
Thyristor Modular Unit top view
Thyristor Modular Unit Detailed View of Thyristor
Stack

Eastern Terminal (Talcher) Southern Terminal (Kolar)

14 Thyristors 13 Thyristors
Thyristor Modular Unit Schematical Cooling
Circuit

Eastern Terminal (Talcher)

14 Thyristors

Z = Cooling Water Inlet

A = Cooling Water Outlet

Southern Terminal (Kolar)

13 Thyristors
Composition of an HVDC Valve

Thyristor
level
Gate Heat
TL = + + +
unit sinks

1<k<n
W here k= No. of thyristor levels
in a valve section
n= No. of thyristor levels
Valve + in a valve
section Note is the smallest
VS
VS = TL + repeatable electrical
1 unit of a valve,
mech anical sub-units
TL may contain multiple
k or sub-devided valve
sections

Valve
VS
Fibre optic Coolant Insulating
=1 + system + distrib. + structure
VS
n
k
Block Diagram of Thyristor Electronic

1 Light Receiver 5 Gate Pusle Amplifier

2 Light Transmitter 6 Back Up Trigger Circuit
3 Thyristor Voltage Detection (BTC)
4 Logic 7 Energy Supply
Multi-Arm Fibre Optic Cable Used for Monitoring

Receiver Emitter Side

Side

1 Protective sleeves in red colour 3 Labelling with markers

2 7 continuous single fibre cables 4 Designation on shrinking tube
 Multi-Arm Fibre Optic Cable with Signal Mixing
Used for Triggering

Emitter Side Receiver

Side

1 Protective sleeves in blue 3,5 Labelling with markers

colour 4 Designation on shrinking tube
2 Fibre cables statistically mixed
 Thyristor T1501 N75 T - S34 (1)

Features:
• High-power thyristor for phase control
• Ceramic insulation
• Contacts copper, nickel plated
• Anode, Cathode and gate pressure
contacted
• Inter digitised amplifying gate
Applications:
• HVDC-Transmissions
• Synchro- drivers
• Reactive-power compensation
• Controlled Rectifiers
Internal Structure of Thyristor
 Thyristor T1501 N75 T - S34 (2) - Electrical
Maximum Ratings
• Repetitive peak off-state voltage VDRM = 7.5 kV at TVJ = +5°C...120°C
• Repetitive peak reverse voltage VRRM = 7.5 kV at TVJ = +5°C...120°C
• Non-repetitive peak off-state voltage VDSM = 8.0 kV at TVJ = +5°C...120°C
• Non-repetitive peak reverse voltage VRSM = 8.3 kV at TVJ = +5°C...120°C
• Surge-on state current ITSM = 22 kA at TVJ = +90°C, 50 Hz Sinus, VR
=0V

• Critical non-rep. rate of rise of di/dtcr = 160 A/µs at TVJ = +90°C, VD = VDRM
on-state current
• Critical rate of rise of on-state voltage dV/dtcr = 8600 V/µs at TVJ = +90°C
 Thyristor T1501 N75 T - S34 (3) - Electrical
Characteristic Ratings

• Off-state current ID = 500 mA at TVJ = +90°C, VD = VDRM

• Reverse current IR = 500 mA at TVJ = +90°C, VR = VRRM
• On-state voltage VT = 2.7 kV at TVJ = +90°C, ITM = 4000 A
(stat. 50%/90% value)

• Circuit-commuted recovery time tq = max. 800 µs at TVJ = +90°C, ITM = 4000 A

di/dt = -4 A/µs, VR = 100 V
dV/dt = 100 V/µs, VD = 5000 V

• Gate trigger current IGT = 400 mA at TVJ = +25°C, VD = 12 V

• Gate trigger voltage VGT = 3 V at TVJ = +25°C, VD = 12 V
 Thyristor T1501 N75 T - S34 (4) - Thermal and Mechanical
Ratings

• Operating junction temp. range TVJ = +5°C...+120°C

• Storage temp. range Tstg = -50°C...+60°C
• Thermal resistance Rth JC = 0.0064 K/W
• Mounting force fm = 63 kN...91 kN
• Weight m = 3.9 kg
• Creepage distance dcreep = 49 mm
• Air distance dair = 20 mm
 Valve Reactor - Electrical and Mechanical Ratings

• Voltage-time area  = 80mVs ±10%

• Saturated part of main inductance LH = 0.55 mH ±10%
• Reactor current ID max = 1270 A

Current and Voltage Characteristic of the Valve Reactor

Valve Reactor - Dimensional Drawing
 Grading Capacitor - Electrical and Mechanical Ratings

• Capacity C = 2.4 µF ±3%

• Nominal voltage UN = 58 kV
• Periodical max. voltage Umax = 88 kV
• Short time max. impulse voltage Us = 8700 V
• Nominal effective current IN = 1 A
• Periodical max. current Imax = 100 A
• Operating frequency f = 50/60 Hz
• Cooling type self-cooling
• Weight approx. 25 kg
• Impregnation SF6 gas
Grading Capacitor - Dimensional Drawing
Snubber Circuit Resistor

Resistance R 45 

Tolerance ± 3%

Cooling Water
Snubber Circuit Capacitor

View X

Capacitance 1.6 µFd

Tolerance +/-5%
Insulation SF6
DC Smoothing Reactors
Smoothing Reactor - Purpose

 Connected in series in each converter with each

pole
 Decreases harmonic voltages and currents in the
DC line
 Smooth the ripple in the DC current and prevents
the current from becoming discontinuous at light
loads
 Limits crest current (di/dt) in the rectifier due to a
short circuit on DC line
 Limits current in the bypass valve firing due to the
discharge of the shunt capacitances of the dc line
DC Smoothing Reactor ratings

•Two Smoothing Reactors per pole

•Inductance - 125mH
•Nominal DC Voltage – 500KV
•Max DC Voltage – 515KV
•BIL – 950/1425KV
DC Smoothing Reactor ratings

•Continuous current - 2000A

•Continuous Over load current - 2200A
•Type – Air Cored Dry type
•Natural Air Cooled reactors
•Location : Outdoor
•Total mass – 30 Ton
•Temperature Class - F
HARMONIC FILTERS

 Conversion process generates – Harmonics

 AC side Harmonics- Current harmonics
 Generated harmonics – (12n ± 1) harmonics
 n = 1,2,3….
 Predominant harmonics – 11,13,23,25,35,37
 Additionally 3rd harmonics
 DC side Harmonics- Voltage harmonics
 Generated harmonics – (12n) harmonics
 n = 1,2,3….
 Predominant harmonics – 12,24,36
Disadvantages of Harmonics

 Over heating and extra losses in generators

 Over heating and extra losses in motors
 Instability in the converter control
 Interference with telecommunication systems
 Over voltages due to resonance
AC Filters - Kolar
ITEM A B C
Filter sub bank DT 12/24 DT 3/36 Shunt C
Rating (3 ph., 400 kV) MVAr 120 97 138
No.of 3 phase Banks - 6 3 5
HV-Capacitor C1 μF 2.374 1.85 2.744
HV-Reactor L1 mH 16.208 5.444 1.602
HV-Resistor R1 ohms 420 300 -
LV-Capacitor C2 μF 4.503 3.759 -
LV-Reactor L2 mH 7.751 204.2 -
LV-Resistor R2 ohms - 1500 -
12/24 Double Tuned Filter – 120 MVAr

C1=2.374µF

L1=16.208mH R1=420Ω

C2=4.503 µF

L2=7.751mH
11 13 23 25

Impedance Graph
12/24 Double Tuned Filter – Sectional view

Capacitor Stack

CT
Resistor
Reactor Reactor
3/36 Double Tuned Filter – 97 MVAr

C1=1.85µF

L1=15.444 mH R1=300Ω

R2=1500 Ω
C=23.759µF

L2=204.2mH
3 35 37

Impedance Graph
3/36 Double Tuned Filter – Sectional view

Capacitor stack

CT

Resistor
Reactor Reactor

C=23.759µF
Shunt Capacitor – 138 MVAr

•No harmonic filtering

C1=2.744 µF
•Supplies MVAr to the grid
•Switched into the circuit for
L1=1.602 mH voltage control purpose
•Capacity – 138 MVAr
Shunt Capacitors-Voltage Improvement
Ratings of Capacitors C1 & C2 of 12/24 filter

Type 96 TILP 8 TILR

Make NOKIAN NOKIAN
Capacitor Bank Rating
Capacitance ( per ph ) 2.37 F 4.50 F
Capacitor Bank 1 phase output 67.4 Mvar 0.94 Mvar
Capacitor Bank Voltages 301 kV 25.5 kV
Capacitor bank currents ( 1 ph ) 290 A 404 A
System Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz
Electrical connections:
No. of units in series (s) 32 4
No of units in parallel 2+1 2
Total Units (1 ph ) 96 8
Capacitor Units
Unit Capacitance 25.3 F 8.99 F
Capacitor Unit rated output 703 Kvar 115 Kvar
Capacitor unit rated voltage 9406 Volts 6380 Volts
Capacitor Unit rated current 74.7 A 18 A
Ratings of Resistor of 12/24 filter

 Type : EKE/ KLK Resistor DT 12/24 R1

 Make : KLK Electro Materials, Spain
 Resistor material : Stainless Steel Ni-Cr 40
 Cooling : Natural Air
 Temperature Coefficient of resistance : C = 0,00054u / OC
 Resistance (at nominal current) : 420 ohm
 MCOV -HV to Ground : 35 kV
 BIL/ SIL : 325/250 kV
 Total Losses : 678 kW/356 kW
 Max. temperature rise for the resistor element: t = 170 °C
 Inductance : L < 10320 H
 Thermal Time constant : 400 s
 Fundamental frequency : 50 Hz
 Weight : 450 kg
 Ratings of Reactors L1 & L2 of 12/24 filter

Type Dry, Air core Dry, Air core

Make Trench Limited, Trench Limited,

Canada Canada

Nominal Inductance mH 16.208 7.751

Tolerance on Inductance % +/-0.5 +/-1.0
Nominal Frequency Hz 50 50
Continuous Current rating
Fundamental Amps 180 180
Major harmonic Amps 151.7 ( 11th ) 241.3 ( 11th )
Geometric sum of Harmonic Amps 223 366
Current
Total Current Stress Amps 287 408

BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 325/250 150/150

BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 325/250 150/150
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 150/150 95/95
Ratings of Capacitors C1 & C2 of 3/36 filter

Type 90 TILP 4TILR

Make NOKIAN NOKIAN

Capacitor Bank Rating
Capacitance (ph) 1.85 F 2.85 F
Capacitor Bank 1 phase output 48.2 Mvar 0.74 Mvar
Capacitor Bank Voltages 288 kV 25 kV
Capacitor bank currents ( 1 ph ) 180 A 75 A
System Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz
Electrical connections:
No. of units in series (s) 30 4
No of units in parallel 2+1 1
Total Units (1 ph ) 90 4
Capacitor Units
Unit Capacitance 18.5 F 11.4 F
Capacitor Unit rated output 536 KVAr 151 KVAr
Capacitor unit rated voltage 9600 Volts 6500 Volts
Capacitor Unit rated current 55.8 A 23.3 A
 Ratings of Resistor of 3/36 filter
Type : EKE/ KLK Resistor (DT 3/36 R1 )
Make : KLK Electro Materials, (Spain)
Resistor material : Stainless Steel Ni-Cr 40
Cooling : Natural Air
Temperature Coefficient of resistance : C = 0,00054u / OC
Resistance (at nominal current) : 420 ohm
MCOV -HV to Ground : 35 kV
BIL/ SIL : 325/250 kV
Total Losses : 678 kW/356 kW
Max. Temperature rise for the resistor element: t = 170 °C
Impulse energy at warm resistor : 230 kJ
Inductance : L < 10320 H
Thermal Time constant : 400 s
Fundamental frequency : 50 Hz
Weight : 450 kg
Ratings of Reactors L1 & L2 of 3/36 filter

Type Dry, Air core Dry, Air core

Make Trench Limited, Trench Limited,
Canada Canada
Nominal Inductance mH 5.444 204.2
Tolerance on Inductance % +/-0.5 +/-1.0
Nominal Frequency Hz 50 50
Continuous Current rating
Fundamental Amps 167 181
Major harmonic Amps 43.2 ( 13th ) 23.3 (13th )
Geometric sum of Harmonic Amps 66 24
Current
Total Current Stress Amps 180 183
BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 325/250 250/250
BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 325/250 250/250
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 250/250 95/95
Ratings of Capacitors in Shunt C
Type 96 TILP (138 Mvar)
Make BHEL
Capacitor Bank Rating
Capacitance ( ph ) 2.744 F (+/- 1%)
Capacitor Bank 1 phase output 63.8 Mvar
Capacitor Bank Voltages 272kV
Capacitor bank currents ( 1 ph ) 234.4 A
System Frequency 50 Hz
Electrical connections:
No. of units in series (s) 38
No of units in parallel 4
Total Units (1 ph ) 152
Capacitor Units
Unit Capacitance 26.07 F
Capacitor Unit rated output 419.6 Kvar
Capacitor unit rated voltage 7.16 kV
Capacitor Unit rated current 58.6 A
Ratings of Reactors in Shunt C
Type Dry, Air core

Make Trench Limited,

Canada
Nominal Inductance mH 1.602
Tolerance on Inductance % +/-1.5
Nominal Frequency Hz 50
Continuous Current rating Amps 232
Fundamental Amps 49.6 13th )
Major harmonic Amps 78
Geometric sum of Harmonic Current Amps 245
Total Current Stress
BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 325/250
BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 325/250
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 95/95
DC Filter 12/24 TYPE

C1=1800 nF

L1=14.71 mH R1=400 Ω

C1=5700 nF

L2=8.19 mH
Ratings of Capacitors C1 & C2 of 12/24 filter

Make ABB ABB

Nominal Capacitance nF 1800 5700
Tolerance of Nominal Capacitance % +/- 0.5 +/-1.0
Maximum DC Voltage kV 538 -
Arithmetic sum of Harmonic Voltage kV 59 5.3
Total Voltage Stress kV 621 7.5

Geometric sum of Harmonic Current A 63 70

BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 1300/1175 150/150
BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 1425/1300 250/250
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 450/350 150/150
Ratings of Resistors of 12/24 & 12/36 filter

Make KLK Electro Materials, Spain

Type KLK DT 12/24

Resistance at nominal current Ω 400

Tolerance % % +/-5

Total losses kW 160

Rated frequency Hz 50

BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 325/250

BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 325/250
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 95/95
Ratings of Reactors of 12/24 filter

Make Trench Limited, Canada

Type Dry, Air core Dry, Air core

Nominal Inductance mH 14.71 8.19
Tolerance on Inductance % +/-1 +/-1
Continuous Current rating
DC Current Amps 0 0
Major harmonic Amps 43 (12th ) 110 (12th )
Geometric sum of Harmonic Amps 60 120
Current Amps 60 120
Total Current Stress
BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 250/250 150/150
BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 450/250 250/250
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 250/250 150/150
Minimum Creepage Distance mm 800 400
DC Filter 12/36 TYPE

C1=1800 nF

L1=7.21 mH R1=400 Ω

C1=3300 nF

L2=12.68mH
Ratings of Capacitors C1 & C2 of 12/36 filter

Make ABB ABB

Nominal capacitance nF 1800 3300

Tolerance of Nominal Capacitance % +/- 0.5 +/-1.0

Maximum DC Voltage kV 538 -

Arithmetic sum of Harmonic Voltage kV 61 9.2
Total Voltage Stress kV 624 13

Geometric sum of Harmonic Current A 65 76

BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 1425/1050 1425/1050

BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 1425/1050 1425/1050
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 325/250 325/250

Type of Fusing Internal Internal

Ratings of Reactors of 12/36 filter

Make Trench Limited, Canada

Type Dry, Air core Dry, Air core
Nominal Inductance mH 7.21 12.68
Tolerance on Inductance % +/-1 +/-1
Continuous Current rating
DC Current Amps 0 0
Major harmonic Amps 44 (12th ) 116 (12th )
Geometric sum of Harmonic Current Amps 65 123
Total Current Stress Amps 65 123
BIL/ SIL (HV to LV) kV 250/250 150/150
BIL/ SIL (HV to Ground) kV 450/250 250/250
BIL/ SIL (LV to Ground) kV 250/250 150/150
Minimum Creepage Distance mm 1050 400
DC MEASURING DEVICES

 Measurement on DC side for control, monitoring and

Protection
 AC CTs cannot be used on DC side – saturation
 DC current measuring devices – OPTODYNE
 DC shunt – low value resistor
 mV drop from the shunt will be taken for determining the current
 To solve insulation problems – electrical signals are converted to optical
at the shunt and at control system converted to electrical
 Supply for the conversion process is obtained from the control panels in
the form of optical power
 DC voltage divider
 Capacitive & resistor divider circuit
 Drop across the resistor scaled for determining the voltage
 Optical conversion process is same as the current measuring device
Details follows……
 DC Current Measuring Device (OPTODYN) Lay out at HVDC Kolar

6
6 UdL 4
Line 1
IdH IdL

Pole1

4
UdN
2 4 8
IdN IdE Idee1
Electrode
IdE Idee2 lines
IdN
2 4 Idee3 8
UdN 8
4 Current Measuring Devices
11Nos (4 HV+7 LV)
Pole2 Voltage Dividers
04 Nos ( 2 HV+2 LV)

IdH IdL Line 2

6 UdL 4
6
Example for the Use of the Hybrid Optical Sensor
Iron Core Inductive CT Shunt Rogowski Air Core CT HV/EHV-Line

TM
OPTODYN

Capacitive Resistance Inductive Voltage

Ground Level Voltage Divider Voltage Divider Transformer
Functional Concept

Shunt
Analog/ Digital Optical Digital control/
protection system
Digital/ Optical Signal fibre Digital SIMADYN D

Electrical Energy Optical Energy

Id Power fibre
Power supply
Optical Energy Electrical Energy

Control/ Protection system at ground level

Sensor Head at high voltage level

Fibre optical cable

Power Supply of Sensor Head

Isolation of Synchronising signal from

power supply voltage level (carrier)

LOW POWER Power Supply Output

Voltage
Photocell-Array
Electronics at the for Preconditioning and (Power
Regulator
Sensor Transmitter Electronics Converter)

Optical Fiber

5 VDC ca. 25 W for

LASER LASER Driver up to 9 channels from
Diode Array and Protection SIMADYN D
System Power Supply

Optical Interface, Optical Power-Module (as part of the Optical Interface Card)
Optical Data Transfer

BURDEN- Fast ANTI- 12 Bit OPTICAL-

RESISTOR Transients+ BUFFER ALIASING A/D- TRANS-
(at CT only) RFI-Prot. FILTER Converter MITTER

Optical Fiber

OPTICAL- Digital Data for processing in Control and

BUFFER
RECEIVER Protection Systems

Optical Interface
Components
8 1
1 Ohmic Shunt at High DC Voltage Level
11 for Direct Current Measuring

3 2 Voltage to Light Telegram Conversion

6 7 2 3 Fibre Optic Transmission to Ground Level
4 Composite Insulator
10 5 Control or Protection System
6 Light Pulses for Power Supply
4
7 Power Supply for Sensor Head
8 Rogowski Coil for Harmonic Current Measuring
9 Control of Active DC Filter
10 Hybrid Direct Current Measuring System with
9 5 Fibre Optic Transmission
11 Sensor Head
Current measuring device – components
Redundancy Concept
 complete redundancy from sensor head via FO cable to control/ protection
equipment
 only one Analog/ Digital conversion per signal path
 direct digital signal processing

Sensor Head Pole control System 1

Shunt
Sensor Head Pole control System 2

Sensor Head Protection System 1

Id

Sensor Head Protection System 2

common composite insulator

high voltage level; switchyard and fibre optic cable ground level; control building
DC Measuring Scheme: Conventional
DC Transducer

Conventional DC Measuring Scheme: Total Accuracy < +-0,8%

typical +- 0,1% typical +- 0,2%

Conventional DC Transducer: Accuracy < +-0,5%

Digital Control System

0 0

Digital Signal
Signal Isolation Processor
Amplifier Amplifier

to redundant control system or

protection system
Isolation
Amplifier
DC Measuring Scheme: Hybrid-
Optical DC Measuring System

Hybrid-Optical DC Measuring System: Total Accuracy < +-0,75%

Current Sensor:
typical +- 0,2% typical +- 0,5% 0,0%

OPTODYN Digital Control System

Electronic Sensor Head

0 Digital Signal
Processor
 Comparision to
Conventional Solution
Comparison between Hybrid-Optical a
Conventional DC Measuring System a
The weight of the new measuring device is

reduced from 4,000 kg to 100 kg

No additional Post Insulators

No electromagnetic interference (EMI)

due to fibre optic links
Full redundancy up to the measuring
location
Excellent dynamic performance

Picture 2
Hybrid-Optical
Measuring Device Measuring Shunt

Sensor Head Box

Composite Insulator
incl. Fiber Optics

Connection Box
Sensor Head Box with Sensors
Assembly of Shunt
OPTODYN Sensor

Analoge Input
Signal from Shunt

Optical Data
Link

Optical Power Supply

Link
Summary
 Measures DC current quantities up to the range of 18,000 A

 High voltage insulation level up to 500 kV rated DC voltage

 Current measuring by a high precision shunt

 Light construction

 High insulation capability also under extreme environmental conditions

 Less pollution due to less electrostatic potential of silicon surface

 Hydrophobic silicon material reduces risk of leakage currents

 No electromagnetic interference by use of fibre optic cables

Summary
 Optical powered electronics at high voltage level

 Optical signal transmission

 Optical receivers directly placed in the control or protection system

 Separate channels for control and protection including their redundant

subsystems

 Excellent dynamic Performance

 Bandwidth 0 - 7 kHz (depending on application)

 Overall system accuracy  0.75 %

 Signal delay  160 µs

 Temperature operating range -40 C to +50 C

DC Voltage Measurement
DC Voltage Measurement
System Description

 The Valve Cooling System is a single closed loop

deionised water system. Heat transfer to the ambient is
provided by dry coolers. The Valve Cooling System is for one
pole and works independent of other cooling and air
conditioning systems.

 Spray water will be used if the water temperature rises

above controller set point value.
Design Basis
Kolar Station Talcher Station
Maximum Dry Bulb One Hour Average 450C 500C
Minimum Dry Bulb One Hour Average 20C 00C
Total Cooling Capacity 4340kW 4053kW
Water flow 4140 ltr./min 4350 ltr./min
Water Inlet Temperature MAX 500C 500C
Water Outlet Temperature Average 620C 620C
Water Conductivity <0.5μS/cm <0.5μS/cm
Redundant Circulating Pumps One of two One of two
Spray Water Storage for 24hrs 24hrs
Flow Diagram
 VALVE COOLING MAIN PUMP

 Two centrifugal circulating

pumps
 One pump - operating
Other pump - standby
 Periodical automatic pump
changeover.
 Changeover to the stand
by pump takes place in
case of failure of the
operating pump
 Capacity of
 Motor – 45KW
 Pump – 265Cu.m/Hr
 VALVE COOLING - MAIN FILTER

 In the main water line

to the thyristor valves
locates a 50 micron
filter
 The filter is used for
start up and cleaning
and later on for safety,
that no particle greater
than 50 micron can
enter the thyristor
valves
 VALVE COOLING - MAIN FILTER

 Main filter consists of

group of filter
cartridges as shown in
the figure
 If the filter gets
chocked for any
reason, differential
pressure will be sensed
and this warns for
maintenance
 VALVE COOLING – MAKE UP WATER TANK

 A storage tank with a

pressure pump is placed on
the pump skid for the first
filling with deionised water
and for compensation of
evaporated water during
operation
 The make up water system
works automatically and
keep the expansion tank
water level constant
 The make up water flows
from the storage tank
through a 50 μm filter, then
the make up water pass the
ion exchanger and flows
finally into the main water
circuit
 VALVE COOLING – ION EXCHANGERS

 Two ion exchanger

chambers are installed on
the pump skid
 The ion exchanger is
hydraulically switched in
bypass to the main water
line
 A mixture of 50% anion and
50% cation (H+/OH-) is
used for the resin
 Water flows from top to the
bottom through the ion
exchanger
 VALVE COOLING SYSTEM – COOLING TOWERS

 Six cooling towers are installed

to cool down the fine hot water
coming out from the valves
 One tower consist of two cooling
coils with stainless steel tubes
and seawater resistance
aluminium fins.
 Two axial type fans are mounted
on the top flow. The fans work
on the suction side in parallel to
the cooling coil surface without
baffle sheets.
 Because there is no baffle sheet,
the working fan will cover the
whole cooling coil surface,
therefore the lost cooling
capacity will be less then 50% of
the tower.
 Each fan is provided
with Variable frequency
Drive (VFD). This
regulates the speed of the
fan depending on the
water temperature
If one fan fails, the
speed of the remaining
fans will be increased
automatically.

•A spray water distribution pipe

with nozzles locates on the top
of each cooling coil
•Water will be sprayed over the
coil if the water inlet
temperature exceeds specified
limit
Water Treatment plant
 To avoid scaling on the cooling coil fins,
the spraying water will be treated by a
reverse osmosis* unit.
 The incoming water from the station
supply will be filtered, softened by the
reverse osmosis unit and stored in the
spray water storage tank.
 The same water is used to make up the
loss in the main water circuit
 High pressure pumps each of 100%
capacity are used for the spray water
lines.

 *slow change in concentration: the flow of

a solvent by diffusion through a semi
permeable membrane from a more
concentrated solution to a less
concentrated one, until the concentrations
are equalized. It is a major factor in
regulating the movement of water into
and out of tissues in living organisms.
 VALVE COOLING SYSTEM-CONTROL
 Controlled by two redundant SIMATIC
S95U programmable controller.
 The PLC working independent of each
other.
 The PLC generates the necessary status,
alarm and trip signals for the station
control.
 The inlet water temperature to the
Thyristor valve modules is maintained at
constant value for every load and
ambient conditions.
 A digital process controller SIPART
DR22 is used for the temperature control
 The controller output signal is used for
the set point of the cooling fan speed.
 Start and stop signal for the fans is given
by the PLC.
 80 KVA UPS is provided as backup
power supply. Since the outage of main
pump generates immediate trip to the
pole.
Expansion Tank
 The expansion tank is place on the highest point of the cooling system.
The tank size is big enough to store the expanded fine water volume.
 The expansion tank is an open type expansion tank, the construction of
the tank allows the air to come in contact with the water, but dust can
not enter the tank.
 Thyristor valve manufacturer requires a oxygen saturated water,
therefore the need of an open system.
 The tank is connected to the suction side of the main water line, the
connection to the discharge main water line will be used for circulation
and for venting.
Valve Hall Ventilation system Flow Diagram

AIR INLET 5m ABOVE GROUND LEVEL

Valve Hall Ventilation system
 Consists of the primary circuit (Air Ventilation Circuit) and Control
System
 Open loop system – supply air will taken in and left out through the
exhaust dampers
 One ventilation system is in operation while the other one is in stand by
mode.
 The outdoor air will be entering the unit by a concrete block duct in a
level of 5 m to avoid the dust concentration at the floor level.
 The supply air will filtered in two stages – pre filter and fine filter
 The supply air will be distributed into the valve hall by high speed air
nozzles.
 The exhaust air flows via dampers and weather guard louvers into the
atmosphere.
 A bypass damper and a heater enables the circulation of air from the
valve hall back to the unit in case of no load or during start up.
 Through out the process, positive pressure will be maintained in the
valve hall to prevent dust to enter the valve hall.
 Positive pressure is maintained with the automatic control of exhaust
dampers
Valve Hall Ventilation system-components
 One single ventilation unit consist of
 One axial type fan speed regulated
 One electrical heater
 One air filter bag type as a pre filter
 One air filter bag type as a high efficiency filter
 One Supply air damper with DC drive
 One Return air damper with DC drive
 One Bypass or re-circulating damper with DC drive
 The two exhaust dampers with DC drives combined with a weather
guard louver, as well as the air inlet weather guard louver working
together with the two ventilation units. In case of failure of the
operating unit, a switchover to the stand by unit takes place.
 A periodically automatic switchover is also provided by a
programmable timer. The timer can operate in automatic or
manual mode.
Ventilation system - Control

 The ventilation system will be controlled by two SIMATIC S95U

programmable controller.
 The PLC‘s are working independent from each other; a switch
off of one PLC for repair, replacement or service will not disturb
the ventilation system operation.
 The input signals from the single sensor will be wired parallel on
the two PLC.
 The output signal from the PLC working on the same relay
coupled by a diode.
 The PLC generates also the necessary status, alarm and trip
signals for the station control.
KOLAR SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
AC PLC (Noise) Filter
AC PLC FILTER

Equipment Designation Kolar Talcher

=20C08.C C1/TD, C2/TD =10C03.C C1/TD, C2/TD
=20C10.C C1/TD, C2/TD =10C05.C C1/TD, C2/TD
Number of single phase units 6 6
Rated Capacitance 40 nF 80 nF
Nominal voltage 400 kV 400 kV
Short -time current (1s) 40 kA 40 kA
Basic Insulation level (BIL) 1425 kV 1425 kV
Switching Insulation level (SIL) 1050 kV 1050 kV
Min creepage distance 10500 mm 10500 mm
VALVE TIMING PT
•Inductive Voltage Transformer - Connected to converter
transformer 400 KV side
•Pole control gets the zero crossings of the Voltage on line side
and uses this as the reference for generating firing signals for the
valves
•This PT is used only for firing signal generation – not used for
nay protection task
VALVE TIMING PT

•It is inductive voltage

transformer
•Oil filled – Oil type Shell
Diala D
•Make – Trench.
•Primary/secondary
voltage ratio – 400√3/110
√3
VESDA SYSTEM
VESDA – VERY EARLY SMOKE DETECTION & ANALYSER
SYSTEM

 Air sampling based detection system for early detection of incipient

smoke / fire in Valve Hall.
 Installed in each Valve Hall.
 Sufficient points are well distributed over each multiple valve
structure & inside the ventilation air duct for faster response of
hazard.
 The VESDA detectors are located such that there is no condensation
due to temperature differences between the sampled air & the
outside temperature.
 Air is sampled by PVC (red) pipes - no risk of flashover or corona
inside the valve hall.
 The detection system has VESDA laser scanner & laser compact.
This gets the signal from the sampling pipes which are of PVC
make & are supported at regular interval of 1.5 m. For more
sensitivity & easy detection,the sampling area is divided into 4
zones.The detector has 4 alarms namely .
 Alert
 Action / Prealarm
 Fire 1
 Fire 2
VLC – VESDA LASER COMPACT
VLS – VESDA LASER SCANNER
VESDA - LAYOUT

PVC conduit Vent diameter – 4 mm

End cap – 4 mm

VALVE - HALL

VESDA laser compact

VESDA - LAYOUT

AIR SAMPLING PVC VLC

Each detector has separate settings of alarm Level

DETECTOR ALERT ACTION FIRE 1 FIRE 2

SCANNER 0.075 % 0.13 % 0.19 % 0.25 %

COMPACT 0.15 % 0.3 % ----- 0.5 %

[ SUPPLY AIR ]

COMPACT 0.075 % 0.16 % ----- 0.25 %

[ RETURN AIR ]

NOTE : All values have the unit obscuration / m or Ob / m

In the event of detection of smoke in valve hall

 Ventilation system shall be tripped

automatically.
 The exhaust dampers shall be opened.
 The valve-hall shall be de-energized.
 The smoke management system shall indicate
“smoke evacuation mode”.
 The audible fire alarm system in the station
shall also be activated.
VESDA LASER SCANNER - SPECIFICATIONS

 Voltage – 18 to 30 V DC.
 Power – 5.8 to 9.6 W.
 Current – 240 to 400 mA.
 Sensitivity – 0.005 to 20 % Ob/m
 Operating temperature
 Detector ambient : 0 to 39oC
 Sampled air : 20 to 60oC
 Humidity : 10-95%RH.
 Maximum area of coverage – 2000 m2.
 Up to 18000 events can be stored on a FIFO basis.
 Four levels of fault warning – Alert,Action,Fire1,Fire2.
 Relays – 12 relays rated at 2A @ 30 V DC.
VESDA LASER SCANNER - SPECIFICATIONS

 Voltage – 18 to 30 V DC
 Power – 4 W
 Current – 170 mA
 Sensitivity – 0.005 to 20 % Ob/m
 Operating temperature
 Detector ambient : 0 to 39oC
 Sampled air : 20 to 60oC
 Maximum area of coverage – 500 m2
 Up to 12000 events can be stored on a FIFO basis
 Smoke level, alarms & faults with time & date stamp
 Relays – 3 relays 2A @ 30 V DC
 ELECTRODE STATION

 Converter requires reference ground for insulation coordination, control &

protection
 DC currents cause corrosion in metallic structures, hence generally the
grounding is done at a safe distance away from HVDC stations (30 to 35
Km)
 Reliability of HVDC System
 When one line is faulty then by using earth as return path 50% of rated Bipole
power can be transmitted.
 When one pole trips other pole continues in ground return with over load
capacity of that pole thus providing transient stabilty / sudden loss of power
 Eliminates the requirement of a separate line as return path
 During balance bipolar operation no current flows through the ground however it
provides a return path
 Located at Sidalagatta about 32 km from Kolar Station.
 Similar station exits at Talcher.
Electrode station - Layout
EARTH ELECTRODE

 Conductor type ACSR “Bersimis”

 Double bundle - 2 x 725.2 Sq.mm
 Length – 32 Kms
 DC resistance at 20°C – (0.0421 / 2 ) ohms / km
 Electrode resistance < 0.3 ohms
 Electrode – Double ring of diameter 450/320m
 Each ring consist of a buried coke bed at approx. 2.5 m depth.
 The outer ring is divided into six sections and the inner ring into two
sections
 Current is distributed by an overhead system to the feeding cables of
each electrode section. The cables are connected to the buried
electrode.
 The electrodes are equipped with detecting wells for monitoring the
temperature and humidity development of the soil
 PLCC SCHEMATIC
Pole 1 DC Line

PLCC PLCC
PANELS PLCC PANELS PANELS

BT BT
BT
BT

PLCC
PLCC
PANELS PLCC PANELS
PANELS

Pole 2 DC Line

KOLAR REPEATER TALCHER

BT= BALANCING TRANSFORMER

 REPEATER STATION

•Repeater station is required due to the long distance of the line - 1400Km
(approx.)
•Located at Jungareddygudem (Rajahmundry) almost at a distance of 630
km from Kolar
•Conventional AC stations don’t require repeater station in between the
line
•Modulated signals consisting of Data, protection and speech are sent to
repeater station from one end over the DC lines
•Signals are demodulated, amplified and again modulated and sent to the
other end from repeater station – thus working as a signal amplifier
•ABB PLCC panels ETL 580 model are used which works on advanced
DSP technology
 REPEATER STATION-
Other Equipment
•PLCC signals are injected to the line through the PLC
coupling capacitors
•For maintenance works on the PLC equipment, earth switches
are provided
•PLCC panels requires 48V DC supply - provided from
batteries
•Auxiliary supply is be provided from local SEB supply
•DG set is provided as backup to the SEB supply