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Aatk2010 Mlee Jskim Revised c29
Aatk2010 Mlee Jskim Revised c29
• Description of Level 2:
• Chronology
• Minimal Coherency
a. Simultaneity/Sequentiality
-고, -며, -면서 (and, and, and then, while)
b. Contrastiveness
-지만, -나, -든지, -거나 (but, however, or,
or else)
c. Others
-는데 (and, but, while)
Cohesive Devices
under Discussion
2. Subordination (Sohn. 1999)
a. Cause-effect
-어/아서, -니까 (so, and then, as, since)
b. Conditional
-(으)면 (if, when)
c. Concessive
-어/아도 (even though, although)
d. Intentive
-러, -려고 (to, in order to)
e. Temporal
- 다가; -자마자 (while doing that; as soon as)
Cohesive Devices
under Discussion
3. Adverbial Expressions
a. Adverbs
먼저, 또 (first of all, and/again)
b. Adverbial Phrases
- Time: (그) 후에, (그) 다음에, 그 때, 나중에
(afterwards, at that time, later)
Cohesive Devices
under Discussion
3. Adverbial Expressions
c. Adverbial Clauses
Time Clauses:
-ㄴ/은 후에, -ㄴ/은 다음에, -기 전에, -ㄹ/을 때,
-는 길에, -는 동안 (after, before, when, while)
Purpose Clauses:
-기 위해(서) (in order to)
Reason Clauses:
왜냐하면, -기 때문에 (because)
Cohesive Devices
under Discussion
4. Pronouns (Ihm, Hong, and Chang. 2001)
a. Personal Pronouns
그 (분, 사람, 친구) (that person/friend)
b. Demonstrative Pronouns
거기, 그것 (there, that thing)
Hypotheses
– Present Narration
– Past Narration
– Future Narration
– Description
– Instruction/Direction
– Reporting Facts
– Role-play with complication
Procedures (II)
140
120
100
Average Number
80
60
40
20
0
Avg. # of Words Avg. # of Sentences Avg. # of Cohesive Devices
Level 1 51 8 10
Level 1+ 91 11 17
Level 2 127 15 27
H1. The higher the proficiency level
The more cohesive devices
Average # of Cohesive Devices per Sentence
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1 1.23 1.84
0.8 1.52
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Level 1 Level 1+ Level 2
40%
40% 37% 37%
35% 33%
30% 28%
26%
24%
25% 21% 21%
20%
15%
15% 13%
10%
5%
5%
0%
Level 1 Level 1+ Level 2
Coordination Subordination Adverb Pronoun
H3. The higher the proficiency level
The more complicated cohesive devices
1. Level 1
고/그리고, 지만/그렇지만, 그런데, 서/그래서, 니까, 자마자,
그후에, 그담에, 먼저, 기때문에, ㄴ후에, 뿐만아니라, 또
ㄹ때, 기 위해, 예를들면, 는동안, 또, 거기, 그
2. Level 1+
고/그리고, 지만/그렇지만, 는데, 면서, 면, 서/그래서, 니까, 자마자
그후에, 그담에, 먼저, 기때문에, ㄴ후에, 또, 왜냐하면
ㄹ때, 기 위해, 예를들면, 는 동안, 또, 거기, 그, 저기
3. Level 2
고/그리고, 지만/그렇지만, 는데, 그런데, 면서, 러, 면, 서/그래서,
니까,자마자, 다가, 그후에 그담에, 그 때, 먼저, ㄴ 길에, 어쨋든,
기때문에, ㄴ후에, 또, 왜냐하면, ㄹ때, 기 위해, 예를들면,
는 동안, 또, 거기, 그, 그런
Qualitative Review
comparison between L1+ and L2
1. Coordination:
• L2 students used more variety of cohesive devices:
“그런데, 그렇지만, 면서, 는데.”
2. Subordination
• Not significant in terms of variety of cohesive devices.
• L2 students used more distinctive use of “서” (since, and then)
3. Adverbials
• L1+ students used “그다음/그후에” for 50% of total adverbials
• L2 students used more of adverbial clauses:
“ㄴ후에, ㄹ 때, 기 때문에, 먼저, 또” etc.
4. Pronouns
• Not significant.
Pedagogical Implications
• Maximize the students’ language production.
“the more, the better”
2. Group
• Press conference!
• Creative story writing with cohesive devices
• Story-telling contest
• Benchmark yourself to the natives!
Limitations of the Study
Ihm, H. B., Hong, J., & Chang, S. I. 2001. Korean Grammar for International
Learners. Seoul, Korean: Yonsei University Press.