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1 What Is Electricity? 1) Generating Electricity: Atomic Nucleus
1 What Is Electricity? 1) Generating Electricity: Atomic Nucleus
1 What Is Electricity? 1) Generating Electricity: Atomic Nucleus
1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
1) Generating electricity
Atomic nucleus
-
Atomic
nucleus +
+ +
Proton
- Electron
- Neutron
Helium
Hydrogen atom
+ +
- -
Lithium
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Frictional electricity
(1) When two different objects are rubbed together, electricity is produced.
(2) Frictional electricity is positive or negative.
(3) Similarly charged bodies repel each other.
(4) Oppositely charged bodies attract each other.
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1 CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE
1) Current
(1) What is Current?
Electric cable
Free electron
A B A B
Electron move.
Water
pressure Current
Electron flow
Voltage
Current
Load resistance
2 3 1
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Voltage( volt )
Current(amper ) =
Re sis tan ce(ohms)
E (V) I : Current
I (A) =
R ( ) E : Voltage
R : Resistance
E (V)
R ( ) =
I (A)
E = I• R
E (V) = I (A) x R ( )
E
E R=
I= I
R
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (APPLYING OHM'S LAW)
1) Basic circuit
Switch Fuse
Lamp
I=?
6
+ - 12 V
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(1) When voltage and current are known and resistance is determined
When a resistance was applied to a voltage of 24V, a current of
8A was produced. What was the resistance value?
I=8A
24 V
R=?
E
From Ohm's Law R=
I
E = 24 (V) I = 8 (A)
24
R= = 3( )
8
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(2) When resistance and current are known and voltage is determined
How many volts is required to conduct a current of 2A through
a resistance of 50
I=2A
100 V
R = 50
I = 2 (A) R = 50
E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Series circuit
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
R1 R2 R3
E1 E2 E3
Total voltage E = E1 + E2 + E3
= I•R1 + I•R2 + I•R3
= I (R1 + R2 + R3)
Combined resistance E = E1 + E2 + E3
14
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Let's obtain the values of the combined resistance and the current.
6 4 2
12 V
R = R1 + R2 + R3
6 + 4 + 2 = 12
E 12
I= = = 1( A )
R 12
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Parallel circuit
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
R1
I2
R2
I1
E
E E 1 1
Total current I = I1 + I 2 = + = E ( + )
R1 R2 R1 R2
1 Ohms’ Low
R=
1 1 E( V )
Combined + I( A ) =
R1 R 2 R( )
resistance
1 1 1 1
= + = E( V ) x
R R1 R2 R( )
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
R1 = 20
R 2 = 30
R3 = 60
1 1
R= =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 20 30 60
1 1 60
= = = = 10[]
3 2 1 6 6
+ +
60 60 60 60
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4 SOLENOID PRINCIPLE
1) Current and magnetic field
- +
N
S
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Paper
N S
S N
N S
+ +
- S N -
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Right-handed screw rule
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Magnetic fields created by a coil
Magnetic
force lines
Current
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
N pole S pole
N S
Right hand
Current
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Iron core
Coil
Iron bar
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5 STARTER WORKING PRINCIPLE
1) Electromagnetic force (Fleming's Left-hand rule)
Expulsion force
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fleming's left-hand rule
Force direction
N S
Magnetic force line direction
+ N to S
-
Current (A)
Magnet
Commutator Coil
Brush
Power supply
+ -
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Magnetic Magnetic
Magnetic force line Magnetic
force line force line force line
Force Current Force Current
Ammeter
+
S N
Magnetic force lines
N to S +
-
Fleming's left-hand rule
+ to - Magnetic
force line
Current
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Current Generator Working Principle
b d
a C1 c
C2
B1 B2
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Alternating current generating principle
a d d a
b c c b
S2
B2
S1
B1
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
7 BATTERY PRINCIPLE
1) Battery purpose
Connected in parallel
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Battery structure and function
Pole
Battery jar
Glass mat
Negative plate
Positive plate
Glass mat Negative plate
Separator
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Electron
Current
Negative pole Positive pole
- + +
- + +
- + +
- + +
- +
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) In-service maintenance
(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.240 1.250 1.260 1.270 1.280 1.290 1.300 1.310 1.320
Rubber ball
Glass tube
A
Floating scale
Suction tube
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Storage cautions
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5) Charging
(1) Charging type
2.9
2.8
Voltage
2.7
Terminal voltage (V)
2.6
2.5
2.4 Specific gravity 1.3
Specific gravity
2.3
2.2 1.2
2.1
2.0 1.1
1.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Charging time (H)
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(4) Charging-related cautions
-
-
+ +
-
+
-
+
Discharge rate(Ah)
Charging time(h) = x (1.2 to 1.5)
Charging current(A)
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(5) Battery capacity
Unit Ampere-hour (Ah)
(Example)
Discharge: 5 hours
6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)
Current: 6A
Voltage: 12V
40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)
Battery: 40Ah
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5A
10 A
Heat loss
Chemical
100Ah 100Ah reactions
20 hours at 5 A
10 hours at 10 A
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
8 CIRCUIT TESTER
1) Outline
(1) Measurement of alternating or direct-current voltage and current
(2) Measurement of resistance
(3) Discovery of electric circuit shorts, grounds, and disconnections
2) Structure
+
- + - + - + - +
Battery
OK
-
Battery Household-use
wall outlet
Direct current Alternating current
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Reading the tester
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Measuring current
Current up to 20A
Current up to 250mA
Tester
Tester
+ +
Battery
Battery
+ -
+ -
- -
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Reading the tester
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5) Measuring resistance
Tester
+ -
Battery
OFF
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Reading the tester
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
8 ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1) Resistors
Variable resistor
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Symbols inscribed on resistors
Normal
resistance
Properties value
[%]
Rated
L X D : ±0.5
H when
Carbon power(W)
Y [ ]
film 1/8 F : ±1
frequency Z [k]
fixed 1/4 G : ±2
is high P A [M]
resistor 1/2 J : ±5
B
1
K : ±10
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fixed body resistor color code
4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color
Resistance value Resistance value
Color 2-digit number Multiplier allowance
1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 4th color band
0
Black 0 0 x10 -
1
Brown 1 1 x10 -
2
Red 2 2 x10 -
3
Orange 3 3 x10 -
4
Yellow 4 4 x10 -
5
Green 5 5 x10 -
6
Blue 6 6 x10 -
Purple 7 7 - -
Gray 8 8 - -
White 9 9 - -
Gold - - x10 -1 5%
Silver - - x10 -2 10%
No color - - - 20%
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2 0 x 102 ± 10%
5th color
4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color
Resistance value Resistance value
Color 3-digit number Multiplier allowance
1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 4th color band 5th color band
Black 0 0 0 x10 0 0,5%
Brown 1 1 1 x10 1 1%
Red 2 2 2 x10 2 2%
Orange 3 3 3 x10 3 -
Yellow 4 4 4 x10 4 -
Green 5 5 5 x10 5 -
Blue 6 6 6 x10 6 -
Purple 7 7 7 - -
Gray 8 8 8 - -
White 9 9 9 - -
Gold - - - x10 -1 5%
Silver - - - x10 -2 10%
No color - - - - 20%
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2 0 2 x 10 2 1%
Fusible strip
Terminal
Capacity 10% current 135% current 150% current
5A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
10A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
15A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
20A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
25A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
30A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 30 sec.
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(Reference)
Electric wire allowable current
Nomination
(cross-sectional Strand diameter mm Number of strands Outer diameter mm Allowable current A
area mm)
0.5 0.32 7 2.2 9
0.85 0.32 11 2.4 12
1.25 0.32 16 2.7 15
2 0.32 26 3.1 20
3 0.32 41 3.8 27
5 0.32 65 4.6 37
8 0.45 50 5.5 47
15 0.45 84 7.0 59
20 0.8 41 8.2 84
30 0.8 70 10.8 120
40 0.8 85 11.4 135
50 0.8 108 13.0 160
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Diodes
Photo diode
Germanium diode
Forward direction
Silicon diode 5V Zener diode
50
current (A)
Forward direction
current (A)
Reverse direction
voltage (V) Reverse direction
voltage (V)
-100 -5
0 1 0 1 2
Forward direction
Reverse direction
voltage (V) Forward direction
voltage (V)
current (mA)
Reverse direction
current (mA)
50
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3 Light-emitting diode
P N
Hole Electron
Light
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Transistors
NPN type PNP type
C C
N P
B B
P N
N P
E E
Straight line
Emitter
protrusion
2 S C 154 A
Meaning of Twe-digit
One-digit Letter of Letter of
semiconductor or larger
number parts alphabet number alphabet
(Number of (Semiconductor S) (Application (Registration (Improvement
rectifier Indication) number) number)
Junctions)
Terminal
Negative
characteristic
thermistor
Positive
characteristic
thermistor
Resistance
Case
Temperature
Thermistor
BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(+) (-)
A B
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Insulator
Titanium condenser
Mica condenser
Electrolytic condenser
Oil-impregnated
condenser