Management

Techniques
DELPHI TECHNIQUES
• he Delphi method (/ˈdɛlfaɪ/ DEL-fy) is a structured communication
technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive
forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts.[1][2][3][4] The
experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds. After each round, a
facilitator or change agent[5] provides an anonymised summary of the
experts' forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they
provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their
earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. It is
believed that during this process the range of the answers will decrease
and the group will converge towards the "correct" answer. Finally, the
process is stopped after a predefined stop criterion (e.g. number of rounds,
achievement of consensus, stability of results) and the mean or median
scores of the final rounds determine the results.[6]
 • Delphi is based on the principle that forecasts
(or decisions) from a structured group of
individuals are more accurate than those from
unstructured groups.[7] The technique can also
be adapted for use in face-to-face meetings,
and is then called mini-Delphi or Estimate-Talk-
Estimate (ETE). Delphi has been widely used for
business forecasting and has certain advantages
over another structured forecasting approach,
prediction markets.[8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method
PLANNING PROGRAMMING BUDGETING SYSTEM
• The planning-programming-budgeting system (PPBS) is a concept that stresses the
importance of establishing a strong linkage between planning and budgeting. It
emanates from the policy of the government to formulate and implement a
national budget that is an instrument of national development, implement a
national budget that is an instrument of national development, reflective of
national objectives, strategies and plans, reflective of national objectives,
strategies and plans.
*Under the PPBS concept, the budget is anchored on the degree by which the
accomplishment of economic plans and the attainment of target contained in the
Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) and the Medium-Term
Public Investment Program (MTPIP) are supported.
• PPBS is an answer to the need for an economic allocation of
resources and the undertaking of government policy, program
analysis, and cost utility analysis to improve the policy decision
process of government. The scheme requires agency managers to
identify program objectives, develop measuring program output,
calculate total program costs over the long-run, prepare detailed
multi-year program and financial plans, and analyze the costs and
benefits of alternative program designs. The system provides a
strong linkage between planning and budgeting (Ibid.).

https://prezi.com/pcj4lenfw_81/what-is-the-planning-programming-budgeting-system-ppbs/
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
• A management information system (MIS) is an information system[1]
used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis,
and visualization of information in an organization; especially in a
company.
•
• The study of management information systems examines people and
technology in an organizational context.[2]
•
• In a corporate setting, the ultimate goal of the use of a management
information system is to increase the value and profits of the
business.[3]
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system
• A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of
financial information organized and programmed in such a way that it
produces regular reports on operations for every level of management in a
company. It is usually also possible to obtain special reports from the system
easily. The main purpose of the MIS is to give managers feedback about their
own performance; top management can monitor the company as a whole.
Information displayed by the MIS typically shows "actual" data over against
"planned" results and results from a year before; thus it measures progress
against goals. The MIS receives data from company units and functions. Some
of the data are collected automatically from computer-linked check-out
counters; others are keyed in at periodic intervals. Routine reports are
preprogrammed and run at intervals or on demand while others are obtained
using built-in query languages; display functions built into the system are used
by managers to check on status at desk-side computers connected to the MIS
by networks. Many sophisticated systems also monitor and display the
performance of the company's stock.

https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/management-
information-systems-mis.html