Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION TO
ICT Comp 201.
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Objectives

 To define computer
 To identify functions of computers, computer
science vs. information technology
 To define data and information
 To learn a development of computer

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 What is computer?

 Computer.. Latin word.. Compute

 An electronic machine operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory
 Accepts data
 Manipulates the data according to specified rules
 Produces result
 Stores the results for future use

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What is computer?

 A computer is a man-made programable

electronic device that receives data (input),
processes data, stores data, and produces
a result (output).

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Functions of computers:

A computer has four (4) functions:

 accepts data- Input

 processes data- processing

 produces output-Output

 stores results-Storage

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 Four Functions...
 Input (Data): is the raw information entered into a
computer from the input devices. It is the collection of
letters, numbers,images etc.
 Process:is the operation of data as per given
instruction. It is totally internal process of the
computer system.
 Output: is the processed data given by computer
after data processing. Output is also called as Result.
We can save these results in the storage devices for
the future use.
 Storage: is the area where data can be left on a
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Disadvantages of using Computers
Safety and Security:
people have to be careful in sharing
photos and personal information on the
computer and Internet
Health Risks:
long and improper use of the computer
can lead to injuries and hazards to the
user.
Environment:
old computers must be disposed off
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properly.
Introduction to ICT
Dis advantages of computers.
Use of Power:
computers need electricity to run.
Computers only need a small amount
of electric power but with many
computers around, this results to high
total requirement.
Privacy Violation:
personal information when stored in a
computer can be viewed and stolen.

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Elementsof A Computer
 People:They run and operate the computer:
 Procedure:are normally written in manuals
of hardware and software manufacturers.
 Software:is to do process data into useful
information for people.
 Hardware:the physical equipment that
you can feel and touch.

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Elements of computers...

 Data:
include texts and numbers, sounds, images,
and videos that you input into the computer
for processing.
 Connectivity:
a computer must be connected to other
computers especially through the Internet
using the Internet, people can share and
access data from all over the world.

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Applications of Computers

 Schools: Computer Based Training (CBT)

 Medicine and Hospital administration: storing
medical records of patients for future reference.
 Railways and airlines ticketing: railway and
airlines ticket booking is done entirely through
computers
 Banks: ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) and
modern banking system.

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Application of computers...
 Scientific and engineering applications:
designing of bridges, multi-storied buildings,
automobiles etc.
 Business and administrative applications:
payroll processing, inventory control, sales
analysis and forecasting, word processing,
census, questionnaire analysis etc.
 Avionics and Space flights: modern aircraft
can fly only with the aid of an on board
computer. Most modern aircraft have a facility
known as auto pilot which can take the control of
most of the operations of a pilot.
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Application of computers….
 Humanities: used extensively in field such
as
archaeological research, music analysis and
composition, graphic art and linguistics.
 Police Work: use computer for maintaining
their records, which make it easier to fight
crimes.
 Metrology: use to predict weather, rainfall
and
monsoon patterns in the country
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Application of computers...

Entertainment: special effects of movies,

computer assisted pictures. Composing,
editing etc.

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Computer Science vs. Information
Technology
What is Computer Science?

Computer Science is a science concerned

with information, that is, representation,
storage, manipulation or processing and
presentation of information. Like any other
science, which uses different devices and lab
equipment, Computer Science uses a special
device called COMPUTER.

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What is Information Technology?
Information Technology is the use of modern
technology to aid the capture, processing, storage and
retrieval, and communication of information, whether in the
form of numerical data, text, sound, or image.
It can also be defined as the study of information handling
and its use in society by means of modern technology.
This includes the acquisition, processing, storage and
communication of information in any form by appropriate
means.
It is more about the use of computers to solve
human/business problems.
You study some programming, databases, applications,
etc.
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Characteristics of Computers

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Capacity
• Reliability
• Durability
• Versatility

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 Speed

Speed: - computer can work very fast.

•It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to
complete.
•You will be surprised to know that computer can perform
millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second.
•Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of
microsecond (10-6) or nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a
second).
•From this you can imagine how fast your computer performs
work.

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Accuracy

Accuracy: -
•The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and
every calculation is performed with the same accuracy.
•The accuracy level is 7.
•determined on the basis of design of computer.
•The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate
data.

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Diligence

Diligence: -
•A computer is free from tiredness, lack of
concentration, fatigue, etc.
•It can work for hours without creating any error.
•If millions of calculations are to be performed, a
computer will perform every calculation with the
same accuracy.
• Due to this capability it overpowers human being
in routine type of work.

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Versatility

Versatility: -
•It means the capacity to perform completely
different type of work.
• You may use your computer to prepare payroll
slips.
•Next moment you may use it for inventory
management or to prepare electric bills.

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Power of Remembering
Power of Remembering: -
• Computer has the power of storing any amount
of information or data.
•Any information can be stored and recalled as long
as you require it, for any numbers of years.
•It depends entirely upon you how much data you
want to store in a computer and when to lose or
retrieve these data

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No IQ

No IQ: -
• Computer is a dumb machine and it
cannot do any work without instruction from
the user.
•It performs the instructions at tremendous
speed and with accuracy.
•It is you to decide what you want to do and
in what sequence. So a computer cannot
take its own decision as you can.

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No Feeling
No Feeling: -
•It does not have feelings or emotion, taste,
knowledge and experience.
•Thus it does not get tired even after long
hours of work.
•It does not distinguish between users.

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Storage

Storage: -
•The Computer has an in-built memory
where it can store a large amount of data.
•You can also store data in
secondary storage devices such as floppies,
which can be kept outside your computer
and can be carried to other computers.

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Data and Information
• Data is an individual fact /multiple facts, or a
value/a set of values, but is not significant to a
business in itself.
• Giving context, or meaning, turns data into
information. Data + understanding of relationship =
• Data: information

– Data are raw facts or figures.

– Data is the product of symbols or representations of an event

• Information
– Information is data with context. Therefore, information is context
dependent.
– Information is data that has been given a meaning by way of
relational connection
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Data and Information
• All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input
phase.
• Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
• During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
• The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.

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Why Is A Computer So Powerful?

• The ability to perform the information

processing cycle with amazing speed.
• Reliability (low failure rate).
• Accuracy.
• Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
• Ability to communicate with other computers.

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Types of Computers

Types of Computers

Microcomputer Minicomputer Mainframe Supercomputer

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Microcomputer

• Can be classified into:

– Desktop PCs
• sits on desks, rarely moved, large and bulky.
• Memory capacity, graphics capacity and software
availability vary from one computer to another Used
both for business and home applications

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Microcomputer

– Portable PCs
• Can be moved easily from place to place
• Weight may varies
• Small PCs are popular known as laptop
• Widely used by students, scientist, reporters, etc

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 Microcomputer Model
Desktop Laptop Notebook

Subnotebook Palmtop

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Microcomputer
• Advantages
– Small size
– Low cost
– Portability
– Low Computing Power
– Commonly used for personal applications
• Disadvantages
– Low processing speed

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Uses of Microcomputer

• Word Processing
• Home entertainment
• Home banking
• Printing
• Surfing the internet
• etc

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Minicomputer

• Medium sized computer

• Also called the minis
– e.g. IBM36, HP9000, etc
• Computing power lies between
microcomputer and mainframe computer

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MiniComputer

• Characteristics
– Bigger size than PCs
– Expensive than PCs
– Multi-User
– Difficult to use
– More computing power than PCs
– Used by medium sized business organizations,
colleges, libraries and banks.

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Uses of Minicomputer

• Control of Automated Teller Machine (ATMs)

• Payroll
• Hospital patients registration
• Inventory Control for supermarket
• Insurance claims processing
• Small bank accounting and customer details
tracking

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Minicomputer
• Advantage
– Cater to multiple users
– Lower costs than mainframes
• Disadvantage
– Large
– Bulky

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Mainframe

• Known as enterprise
servers
• Occupies entire rooms or
floors
• Used for centralized
computing
• Serve distributed users and
small servers in a computing
network
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Main Frame
• Large, fast and expensive computer
• Cost millions of dollar
– e.g. IBM3091, ICL39, etc
• Characteristics:
– Bigger in size than minicomputers
– Very expensive
– Support a few hundred users simultaneously (Multi-Users)
– Difficult to use
– More computing power than minicomputers
– Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
– Used in big business organizations and government
departments

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Supercomputer

• Fastest and expensive

• Used by applications for
molecular chemistry, nuclear
research, weather reports,
and advanced physics
• Consists of several computers
that work in parallel as a
single system

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Super Computer

• Advantage
– Speed
• Disadvantage
– Generate a large
amount of heat
during operation

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Individual assignment 1: 10%

This are calculating devices prior to modern

computer development. Explain them. (do not
copy from the handout)
• Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machine
• ENIAC
• The Von Neumann Machine
• Commercial Computers

Submission date: August 1, 2018.

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Prepare short note for Generations
of computers(1 page) and Types of
Computers(1 page)
• 5 students in each group
• 6 minute presentation
• 5 marks

• Submission date: Nov.26, 2018.

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