Building systems-Prof.

Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 1
 OUTLINES
 What are the lateral loads

 Types of laterals loads

 Types of building bracing

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 2
 What are the lateral loads?
 lateral loads are live loads whose main component is a
horizontal force acting on the structure.

 Most lateral loads vary in intensity depending on the

building's geographic location

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 3
 Basically typical lateral loads is
divided into 2 types

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 4
 Wind. OR Earthquakes
Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour
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1) WIND LOADS
 Wind is The most common lateral load.

 Wind can apply loads to structures from unexpected

directions.

 The magnitude of the pressure that acts upon the surfaces

is proportional to the square of the wind speed.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 6
The wind facing
surface will
experience pressure
while the other face
will experience suction

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 7
2) Earthquakes
 Earthquake loads are very complex, uncertain, and
potentially more damaging than wind loads.

 The earthquake creates ground movements that can be

categorized as a "shake," "rattle," and a "roll.“

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

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Therefore:
 Every structure in an earthquake zone or facing
wind loads must be able to withstand these
loadings of different intensities.

 Every building must have a resistance system.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 9
Types Of Bracing
 Frame action.

 Shear walls (single or couple).

 Core system.

 Tube in tube system.

 Base isolation
Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour
11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 10
1) Frame Action
 It is mainly used with low rising buildings (6 stories )

 The simplest way to resist both vertical and horizontal

loads is to use moment resisting frames

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 11
High-Rise Buildings
 For high-rise buildings (up to 120 storeys), different
structural systems are used according to the height range:
 up to 30 storeys, concrete wall or core systems.

 from 30 to 60 storeys, frame systems.

 above 60 storeys, tube systems.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 12
2) Shear walls
1. Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral
forces parallel to the plane of the wall.
2. The walls are structurally integrated with roofs , floors
and other lateral walls running across at right angles,
thereby giving the three dimensional stability for the
building structures.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 13
  Generally constructed with concrete, masonry, or plywood.
Sometimes steel.

 For buildings up to about 35 stories.

 Can be used around elevator and/or stair cores.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 14
  Special case of shear walls.
 Two or more shear walls in-plane, coupled with a stiff
beam or slab at each level.
 Tends to behave like a moment frame system with very
stiff columns.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 15
Placement of shear walls
 shear walls should be placed
symmetrically around the outermost walls
of buildings. Non-symmetric shear walls
will create uneven loadings.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 16
Tube Systems
 The basic idea is to make a rectangular tube out the
perimeter of the building.

 The tube is made up of closely spaced columns connected

by stiff beams creating very stiff moment frames.

 Suitable for both steel and concrete.

 Use for buildings of 40 stories or more

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour
11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 17
Types of tube system
Framed tube :This is the simplest type of the tube. It can take
shapes from square and rectangular, circular, and
freeform.

Trussed tube : Also known as the braced tube, it is similar to

the simple tube but with fewer exterior columns.

Bundled tube: Instead of one tube, a building consists of

several tubes tied together to resist the lateral forces.
Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour
11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 18
 Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour
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Base Isolation
 bearing pads which are placed between the building and
the building's foundation.

 The bearing are made of layers of lead and rubber

 At the case of earth quakes the bearings sways left and

right to isolate the building from the ground tremors

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

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  These seismic isolation technologies cut the intensity of
shaking on the building’s top floors to one-third of the
seismic intensity.

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 21
Conclution
Lateral loads are a dangerous threat on the buildings world
wide affecting people’s lives

 So as engineers we should study these resisting systems

and how to apply them.


Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 22
 THANK YOU

Building systems-Prof.Dr Abd el Wahab Alghandour

11/23/2018 Group 3-BLDG 3 23