FORMATION OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS

DURING STAR FORMATION AND

EVOLUTION

-MIHA POVS’IC’
ABSTRACT

MAIN PROCESSES OF ELEMENT

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS FOR ELEMENT HEAVIER THAN
IRON ARE S-PROCESS FROM STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND R-PROCESS FROM
SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYNTHESIS. THIS SEMINAR
WILL PRESENT DETAILS ON THE BOTH OF THE
PROCESSES.
• INTRODUCTION
ON THE OTHER HAND S-PROCESS CANNOT
EXPLAIN ORIGINS OF ALL OTHER NATURAL
ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE.THERE ARE ALSO R-
PROCESS, WHICH OCCURS MAINLY IN
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS AND PRODUCE THE
HEAVIST ELEMENTS AND RP AND Y-PROCESS,
WHICH PRODUCE PROTON RICH ELEMENTS.
HOW DID THE HEAVIER ELEMENT WAS
FORMED?
• Heavier elements formed on billion
years ago.

• Through the Stellar Nucleosynthesis ,

heavier elements formed.
AND
- Through the Supernova
Nucleosynthes, heavier elements
formed.
AND ALSO
• -The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the
two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert
hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton–proton
chain reaction. Unlike the latter, the CNO cycle is a catalytic
cycle. It is dominant in stars that are more than 1.3 times
as massive as the Sun.
• -Proton-proton fusion is a form of stellar nucleosynthesis,
which is the most common form of fusion in stellar energy
release for stars of the mass of our Sun*. Nuclei of
hydrogen (protons) are fused to create nuclei of helium,
releasing energy.
• -The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion
reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles)
are transformed into carbon.
WHAT IS STELAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ?

-in Stelllar nuleosynthesis the S-PROCESS(SLOW NEUTRON CAPTURE

PROCESS) occurs.

- burning helium, hydrogen , carbon, oxygen and helium ladder.

(this are the main process of stellar nucleosynthesis )
(with the heavier elements)
 S-PROCESS
• It produce approximately half of the isotopes
of the element heavier than=70 as a part of
stellar nucleosynthesis and can make odd
number element, which are impossible to
produce with other stellar synthesis (alpha)
process.
 SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• Is a synthesis that produce which occurs
through during supernova explosions.
• It was first proposed by FRED HOYLE in 1954.
• Elements HEAVIER than iron, created through r-
process.
• In supernova nucleosynthesis the r-
process(rapid- neutron-captured process)
occurred.
• ELEMENTS HIEVIER THAN IRON CANNOT BE
FORMED THROUGH FUSION AS ONE HAS TO
SUPPLY ENERGY FOR THE REACTION TO TAKE
PLACE. HOWEVER WE DO SEE ELEMENTS
HIGHER THAN IRON AROUND US.
 SO HOW DID THESE ELEMENTS
FORMED?

• This were formed through the supernova

explosions.
• Through neutron capture reactions take
place(this is not fusion), leading to the
information of heavier elements.
 R-PROCESS
• Produces approximately half of the isotopes of
the elements heavier than iron in super Nova
nucleosynthesis. It can produce elements
heavier than Bi the heaviest elements
200

produced with s-process, because the rate of

neutron capture is higher than the rate of
decay.
SUMMARY
 THANK YOU
SUBMITTED TO:
HAZEL P. OLIQUINO
SUBMITTED BY:
KAYE M. IGBALIC