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Infeksi Saluran Napas Bawah
Infeksi Saluran Napas Bawah
T Lymphocytes
T8 Suppressor Cells
Cytotoxic Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Lysis Infective Cells
Plasma Cell
Flora normal pada saluran nafas
atas:
Diphtheroids
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection:
Pneumonia lobaris
Pneumonia lobularis /
Bronkopneumonia
Pneumonia interstisial
Pleuropneumonia
Pneumonia lobaris
Bronkopneumonia
Pneumonia interstitial
Pleuropneumonia
Patogenesis
Inhalasi Langsung
Kolonisasi di permukaan
mukosa
Etiologi
Typical / Clasical:
Sebagian besar disebabkan oleh Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Atypical:
“My Lungs Contain Viruses”
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Virus: Influenza, Adenovirus
Dapat juga merupakan co-patogen pada beberapa
kasus
CAP
(COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA)
Diagnosis
Klinis:
Panas disertai menggigil suhu diatas
38, batuk dengan dahak
mukoid/purulen, kadang kadang ada
darah, sakit tenggorokan, sesak napas
dan nyeri otot dan sendi-sendi
Diagnosis
Anamnesis
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Terdiri atas :
1. Causal Antibiotik
PENYAKIT NEUROGENIK
PPOK
CHF
HIPERTENSI
KEGANASAAN
DM
PENYAKIT GINJAL
TB PARU
DEFISIENSI IMUN
FAKTOR PREDISPOSISI
Hemophilus influenzae
TMP-SMZ
Azithromycin
Sefalosporin gen 2 atau 3
Fluoroquinolone respirasi:
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Antibiotik pilihan:
Legionella
• Macrolide Chlamydia pneumoniae
• Fluoroquinolone respirasi: • Doxicycline
• Levofloxacin • Macrolide
• Moxifloxacin • Fluoroquinolone
• Rifampicin respirasi:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae • Levofloxacin
• Doxicycline • Moxifloxacin
• Macrolide
• Fluoroquinolone respirasi:
• Levofloxacin
• Moxifloxacin
Fluoroquinolone:
Dose adjustment in renal insufficiency
MOXIFLOXACIN:
Profile & Clinical Studies
Moxifloxacin
• Bactericidal
• Concentration-dependent
• Mechanism of action: inhibits bacterial
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV,
essential enzymes for DNA supercoilling,
replication and transcription, repair, and
recombination
• A fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, has
gram-positive and gram-negative activity
similar to that of the third-generation
drugs, with increased activity against
anaerobes and excellent activity against
many mycobacteria
http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/settings/lab/Quinolones-Clinical-Laboratory.html
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/750441
Moxifloxacin:
in vitro activity
Fluoroquinolone: Pharmacokinetics profile
Ciprofloxaci Oflox/Levofloxa Trovafloxac Moxifloxac Gemifloxaci
Parameter Norfloxacin Gatifloxacin
n cin in in n
Dose (mg) 400 750 400/500 400 300 400 320
Peak (mg/mL) 1.5 3.5 4.0/6.0 3.4 4.0 4.5 1.6
Peak / 100 mg
0.38 0.46 1.0/1.2 0.85 1.32 1.12 0.5
dose
Protein bound
15 25 25 18 70 50 60
(%)
Vdss (L/kg) 1.7 3.2 1.45 1.7 1.1 2.7 4.18
t ½ (h)
(CrCl 100 3.3 4.0 6.0 8.4 10.0 12.7 6.1
mL/min)
t ½ (h)
8.0 10.0 30.0 >40 12 14.5 NA
(CrCl 10 mL/min)
Bioavailability (%) 40 70 99 96 88 86 71
MFX : as a 4th generation quinolones
Gram-
positives Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin
1.0
0 24
Time (hours)
serum concentrations at steady state (mg/L) Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV and Oral
400mg IV
6.0
2.0
0.25
0 Time (hr) 24
Terdapat 3 kelompok antibiotik ( Farmakokinetik )
Intravenous moxifloxacin is only for patients that cannot take oral administration or have been
clinically proven have to take parenteral administration.
Moxifloxacin infusion 400 mg is indicated for the treatment in adults (>18 years of age) for the
following bacterial infections:
• Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
• Community-acquired pneumonia.
• Acute bacterial sinusitis (adequately diagnosed).
• Complicated skin and skin structure infections which require initial parenteral
• Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
• Community-acquired pneumonia.
• Acute bacterial sinusitis (adequately diagnosed).
• Complicated skin and skin structure infections which require initial parenteral therapy; followed
by oral; in patients who are intolerance to alternative agents (especially penicillin allergy), and
when caused by organisms known to be susceptible to moxifloxacin.
• Complicated intra-abdominal infections due to polymicrobial infections in patients who are
intolerance to alternative agents; caused by organisms known to be susceptible to moxifloxacin.
DOSE
The daily dose of MXF is 400 mg for all indications.
SESUDAH PENGOBATAN
PENCEGAHAN:
Efusi pleura
Empiema
Abses paru
Pneumotoraks
Gagal napas
Sepsis
KESIMPULAN