THERMAL FLUID SCIENCES … What is it ?

Chapter 1 : W7
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 2 : W8 Quiz 2
Pressure & Fluid Statics (Part 1) Mid Term Exam
(Test 1)
Chapter 3 : W9
Fluid Statics (Part 2)

Chapter 4 : W10
Bernoulli & Energy Equation
Assignment 2
Final Exam
Some Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
Let’s Guess….which application area ??
Let’s Guess….which application area ??
Let’s Guess….which application area ??
Let’s Guess….which application area ??
Let’s Guess….which application area ??
 FLUID MECHANICS : : :
Objectives
Understand the basic concepts of Fluid Mechanics.
Recognize the classifications of fluid flow and problems
encountered in practice.
Understand the vapor pressure and its role in the
occurrence of cavitation.
Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the
consequences of the frictional effects it causes in fluid
flow . -Newtonian & Non-Newtonian fluids.
Calculate the capillary rises and drops due to the surface
tension effects.
 FLUID MECHANICS : Definition
• Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or
other fluids at the boundaries.

• Fluid: A substance in the liquid or gas phase.

- Molecules move relatively -Molecules widely spaced & expand

-Volume constant  strong cohesive until encounter container’s wall
forces - Small cohesive forces
- take container shape - fills entire space
Fluids VS Solid
fluid mechanics….

Fluid mechanics deals with liquids and gases in

motion or at rest
Normal Stress & Shear Stress
(for fluids at rest)

Fluid element
surface

= Pressure
= 0 (zero)
 NO-SLIP CONDITION

Boundary layer

The flow region adjacent to

the wall in which the
viscous effects (and thus
the velocity gradients) are
significant.

No-Slip condition

A fluid flowing over a stationary surface

comes to a complete stop at the surface
because of the no-slip condition
 NO-SLIP CONDITION

Fluid Blunt
Flow nose

The development of a velocity

profile due to the no-slip condition
as a fluid flows over a blunt nose.
CLASSIFICATION OF
FLUID FLOWS
Classification #1 Inviscid flow regions
there are regions
Viscous flows where viscous forces
Flows in which the are negligibly small
frictional effects are compared to inertial
significant. or pressure forces.

Flat
plate
The flow of an
Uniform originally uniform
fluid
stream
fluid stream over a
flat plate

Glossary Viscosity = A measure of internal stickiness of the fluid

Classification #2
External flow
The flow of an Internal flow
unbounded fluid The flow in a pipe or
over a surface such duct if the fluid is
as a plate, a wire, or completely bounded
a pipe. by solid surfaces.
Example :
• Water flow in a pipe is internal flow, and airflow
over a ball is external flow .
Q How about a flow of water in river ??
Glossary Open-channel flow = flow of partially filled liquid in duct &
there is a free surface.
Classification #3

Incompressible flow
Compressible flow
If the density of
flowing fluid remains If the density of fluid
nearly constant changes during flow
throughout (e.g., gas flow)
(e.g., liquid flow).

Glossary For high speed gas flow :

Mach number, Ma = V/c = Speed of flow / Speed of sound
(346m/s)
If Ma =1  Sonic flow
Ma < 1  Subsonic flow
Ma > 1  Supersonic flow
Classification #4
Laminar flow: The highly
ordered fluid motion

What type is this flow ??

characterized by smooth layers
of fluid. E.g., the flow of high-
viscosity fluids such as oils at
low velocities.
Turbulent flow: The highly
disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high
velocities and is characterized
by velocity fluctuations. E.g.,
the flow of low-viscosity fluids
such as air at high velocities.
Transitional flow: A flow that
alternates between being
laminar and turbulent.
Classification #5
Natural flow
Forced flow Fluid motion is due
to natural means
A fluid is forced to such as the buoyancy
flow over a surface effect, which
or in a pipe by manifests itself as the
external means such rise of warmer (and
as a pump or a fan. thus lighter) fluid and
the fall of cooler (and
thus denser) fluid.
Classification #6

Steady Flow Unsteady flow

Implies no change at The properties do
a point with time. depend on time

Steady-flow devices
Turbines, compressors, boilers,condensers,and
heat exchangers operate for long periods of
time under the same conditions.
Classification #7 One-, Two-, and
Three-Dimensional Flows
A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional if the flow
velocity varies in one, two, or three dimensions, respectively.

One-, Two-dimensional Flow

eg : The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe.

2-D 1-D
 V = V(r,z)  V = V(z)

The flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region (V = V(r, z)) and becomes one-
dimensional downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains
unchanged in the flow direction, V = V(z).
Classification #7 One-, Two-, and
Three-Dimensional Flows
Three-dimensional Flow
eg : A bullet piercing through calm air

3-D
 V = V(r,z,q)

Consider the movement of a bullet forward and spinning.

3-Dimensional Flow  The velocity varies with axial distance, ( z ), radial distance ( r )
and angle (Q).
Q How if movement without rotation ?
(a) VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION

Saturation temperature Tsat: The temperature at which a pure

substance changes phase at a given pressure.
Saturation pressure Psat: The pressure at which a pure substance
changes phase at a given temperature.
Vapor pressure (Pv): The pressure exerted by a pure substance’s vapor
in phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature. It is
identical to the saturation pressure Psat of the liquid (Pv = Psat).
Cavitation : A possibility of the liquid pressure in liquid-flow systems
dropping below the vapor pressure at some locations, and the resulting
unplanned vaporization.
 Example :
Determine minimum pressure in a water
distribution system to avoid cavitation if
the water’s temperature observed is 30˚C ?

Pv @30C = 4.25kPa

To avoid cavitation at 30˚C, pressure should

not allowed to drop < 4.25 kPa.

 T  Pv
- Risk of cavitation greater at higher temperature.
- Cavitation causes performance drop & erosion
* Important in turbines & pumps design.
(b) COMPRESSIBILITY AND SPEED OF SOUND
Speed of sound (sonic speed): The speed at which an infinitesimally small
pressure wave travels through a medium.

Speed of sound :

k = Specific heat ratio (function of

temperature)
R = Gas Constant
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK for air
R = 2.0769 kJ/kgK for helium
T = Temperature (K)

The speed of sound changes with Assumption = Ideal gas

temperature and varies with the
type of fluid.
 RK45 & RK23 @8/10/13
Compressibility (cont.) ..
Propagation of a small pressure Control volume moving with the small
wave along a duct. pressure wave along a duct.

dV = const incremental velocity

c = speed of wave front
•Mass balance for h = enthalpy
steady flow equation P = pressure
r = density

For any fluid; For an ideal gas,

(P=rRT)

k = specific heat ratio of the fluid

 (c ) VISCOSITY
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the “fluidity”.
Drag force: A force of a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction.
The magnitude of this force depends partly on viscosity

A fluid moving relative to a

body exerts a drag force on
the body, partly because of
friction caused by viscosity.
 What you need to know about viscosity ??
Consider a behavior of a fluid in laminar
flow between two parallel plates when the
upper plate moves with a constant velocity.

The rate of deformation (velocity gradient) of

a Newtonian fluid is proportional to shear
stress, and the constant of proportionality is
the viscosity.

Fluids for which the rate of deformation is

proportional to the shear stress are called
Newtonian fluids. 31
Derivation of t = m. du/dy (pg 1)
Derivation of t = m. du/dy (pg 2)
Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids

Variation of shear stress with the rate of deformation

for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (the slope of
a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid
at that point).

Q : What about Ideal Fluid ? 35

Viscosity for fluids in Two concentric Cylinders
This equation can be used to calculate the viscosity of a fluid by
measuring torque at a specified angular velocity.

L = length of the cylinder

 = number of revolutions per unit time
 = angular velocity
l = gap between 2 cylindes
R = inner shaft radius
 (d) SURFACE TENSION

Definition :
Pulling force acts parallel to the
surface and is due to the
attractive forces between the
molecules of the liquid.
Magnitude of this force per unit
length = surface tension [N/m]
Surface tension (cont..)
 Attractive forces on the surface
molecule not symmetric & net
attracting force tends to pull the
molecule towards the interior liquid

 Attractive forces on the interior

molecule symmetric & balanced each
other.

Attractive forces acting on a The liquid minimizes its

liquid molecule at the surface area !
surface and deep inside the
liquid.
 Liquid minimizes its surface area..
F = force need to be applied to balance
pulling effect by the film
ss = surface tension

Film of a
soap bubble
If wire move by Dx,
Work done, W represented by :

Stretching a liquid film with a U-shaped So, ss (surface tension) also defined as :
wire, and the forces acting on the Work done per unit increase in the surface
movable wire of length b. of the liquid.
 (e) CAPILLARY EFFECT
Capillary effect: The rise or fall of a liquid in a small-
diameter tube inserted into the liquid.
Capillaries: Such narrow tubes or confined flow channels.
Meniscus: The curved free surface of a liquid in a
capillary tube.

Meniscus
CAPILLARY EFFECT (cont..)
The strength of the capillary effect is quantified by the
contact (or wetting) angle, defined as the angle that the
tangent to the liquid surface makes with the solid surface
at the point of contact.

The contact angle for wetting and The capillary rise of water and the
nonwetting fluids. capillary fall/drop of mercury in a
small-diameter glass tube.
Capillary rise.

The forces acting on a liquid

column that has risen in a
tube due to the capillary effect.

Capillary rise is inversely proportional to the ss = surface tension

radius of the tube and density of the liquid. r = fluid density

Q : Can you explain how about h relation for capillary drop in mercury? 42
 SUMMARY
The No-Slip Condition
Classification of Fluid Flows
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
Internal versus External Flow
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow
Steady versus Unsteady Flow
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
Compressibility and Speed of Sound
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
Viscosity
Surface Tension and Capillary Effect