1st Year Chemistry

Chapter 1
Introduction to Fundamental
Concepts of Chemistry
Science Chemistry Composition
of matter

Properties
Structure of matter
Principles of matter
and changes
in matter

The subject of chemistry is very vast. Everything in the universe has some sort of chemistry associated with it.
 Scientific Work
Study and Research the topic
Theory

Experiment Conduct Experiment and Trails

Observation Observe the Experiment

Data Collect and Interpretation Collect the mathematical data and apply formulas

Conclude Present your idea and conclusion

 Significant Figures
Significant numbers are the reliable digits after or before the decimal place that bears a strong certainty. These numbers cant be
neglected.
Example: brands with cost pattern of Rs: 399/ holds a significant value

Rules to find Significant Figures

1. All non zeros are significant---------------------------------------- { E.g. 678 has 3 significant figures }
2. Zero between two non zeros are significant ------------------ {E.g. 3002 has 4 significant figures }
3. Zero after non zero are not significant ------------------------- { E.g. 40 has 1 significant figure }
4. Zero that are on left side of non zero are not significant -- { E.g. 0.0035 has 2 significant figures }
5. Zero to right side of decimal point are significant ---------- { E.g. 2.40 has 3 significant figures }
 Round off Figures
To reduce the significant figures to minimum numbers possible is known as ‘Rounding off’
E.g. Rounding off your percentage like 79.9% to 80%

Rules to find Significant Figures

• If digit to be drop is greater than 5, then add 1 to previous digit
E.g. If we have 35.157, then it will become 35.16
• If digit to be drop is less than 5, then just remove the number nothing to add/subtract
E.g. If we have 35.152, then it will become 35.15
• If digit to be drop is equal to 5, then check previous digit, if even then nothing to add/subtract
E.g. If we have 35.125, then it will become 35.12
• If digit to be drop is equal to 5, then check previous digit, if odd then +1 to the number
E.g. If we have 35.135, then it will become 35.14
 Round off Figures
To reduce the significant figures to minimum numbers possible is known as ‘Rounding off’
E.g. Rounding off your percentage like 79.9% to 80%

Rules to find Significant Figures

• If digit to be drop is greater than 5, then add 1 to previous digit
E.g. If we have 35.157, then it will become 35.16
• If digit to be drop is less than 5, then just remove the number nothing to add/subtract
E.g. If we have 35.152, then it will become 35.15
• If digit to be drop is equal to 5, then check previous digit, if even then nothing to add/subtract
E.g. If we have 35.125, then it will become 35.12
• If digit to be drop is equal to 5, then check previous digit, if odd then +1 to the number
E.g. If we have 35.135, then it will become 35.14
 Calculation Rules
1. Addition and Subtraction Rule
Incase of addition to subtraction, you must round off the answer as provided with minimum in digit question.
Also remember to adjust the digits first

E.g. 1.31+ 3.1 = 4.41 E.g. 7.422 - 5.11 = 2.312

= 4.4 (After round off) = 2.31

2. Multiplication and Division

Incase of multiply and division, you must round off the answer as provided with minimum in digit question. Also
remember to adjust the digits first

378 𝑥 407.6
E.g. 1.32 x 4.421 = 5.83572 E.g. = 49700.9032
3.1
= 5.84 ( After round off) = 5.0 exp +4
 Exponent and Logarithmic Rules
1. Exponent
Exponent is some value that has a power to base 10. They make calculation easy, decreases chances of error and
time saving process.

E.g. 10 −2 , 10 4 , 10 23 etc

E.g. 4 x1011 x 0.5 x 10 −2 Bases same power add

2 x 1011+ −2 = 2 x 10 9

2. Logarithm
Logarithm is the exponent on base 10. It has two parts. Power is called characteristic and decimal fraction part
is called mantissa. Mantissa is always positive and determined from log table
E.g. 1000 in Exponential form is written as 10 3 ,so its characteristic is 3.

Rules of Logarithm
 Some Important Definitions
1. Precision
It is the best and close repeated values of an experiment

E.g. Mass taken from rough balance is 20.5 gm and 20.2 gm and Mass taken from analytical balance is 20.3 gm and
20.3 gm. So analytical balance is more precise than rough balance.

2. Accuracy
It tells us the how close is experimental value to true value

E.g. Actual mass is 20.5 gm and experimental mass is 20.3 gm. So, we have 0.2 gm difference in our accuracy

3. Error
It is the deviation from real value. There are two types of errors

Systematic Error: Caused from the defect of the instrument, methods and procedure
Human error: Caused from human mistake like calculations and wrong reporting
 Continue to Video Part 2
of Chapter 1

Topics: Elemental and Analytical

Chemistry (M.Imp)