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THE GEOMETRY OF
SPACE
VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE
12.5
Equations of
Lines and Planes
In this section, we will learn how to:
Define three-dimensional lines and planes
using vectors.
EQUATIONS OF LINES
The direction of L
EQUATIONS OF LINES
Thus,
r = r0 + t v
x = x0 + at
y = y0 + bt
z = z0 + ct
Where, t
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
r = (5 i + j + 3 k) + t(i + 4 j – 2 k)
or
r = (5 + t) i + (1 + 4t) j + (3 – 2t) k
EQUATIONS OF LINES Example 1 a
x=5+t y = 1 + 4t z = 3 – 2t
EQUATIONS OF LINES Example 1 b
x=6+t y = 5 + 4t z = 1 – 2t
EQUATIONS OF LINES
x = 5 + 2t y = 1 + 8t z = 3 – 4t
DIRECTION NUMBERS
x x0 y y0 z z0
a b c
a = 1, b = –5, c = 4
EQUATIONS OF LINES Example 2 a
x=2+t y = 4 – 5t z = –3 + 4t
11 1
, ,0
4 4
EQUATIONS OF LINES
x x0 y y0 z z0
x1 x0 y1 y0 z1 z0
EQUATIONS OF LINE SEGMENTS
r(t) = (1 – t)r0 + t r1
where 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
EQUATIONS OF LINE SEGMENTS Example 3
1 + t = 2s
–2 + 3t = 3 + s
4 – t = –3 + 4s
EQUATIONS OF LINE SEGMENTS Example 3
11 8
t= and s=
5 5
These values don’t satisfy
the third equation.
EQUATIONS OF LINE SEGMENTS Example 3
A vector n that is
orthogonal to the plane
NORMAL VECTOR
Thus, we have:
n . (r – r0) = 0
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Equation 6
n . r = n . r0
VECTOR EQUATION
In Equation 7, putting
a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, x0 = 2, y0 = 4, z0 = –1,
we see that an equation of the plane is:
Thus,
n ab
i j k
2 4 4
4 1 2
12 i 20 j 14 k
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 5
Then,
x = 2 + 3(–2) = –4
y = –4(–2) = 8
z=5–2=3
and n2 = 2n1.
NONPARALLEL PLANES
2
cos
1
72
42
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 7 b
i j k
v n1 n 2 1 1 1 5 i 2 j 3 k
1 2 3
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 7 b
x 1 y z
5 2 3
NOTE
x 1 y y z
and
5 2 2 3
Then,
b = <x1 – x0, y1 – y0, z1 – z0>
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 8
Thus,
D comp n b
n b
n
a( x1 x0 ) b( y1 y0 ) c( z1 z0 )
a b c
2 2 2
10x + 2y – 2z = 5 and 5x + y – z = 1
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 9
5( 12 ) 1(0) 1(0) 1 3
3
D 2
52 12 (1)2 3 3 6
n v1 v 2
i j k
1 3 1
2 1 4
13 i 6 j 5 k
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 10
or
13x – 6y – 5z + 3 = 0
EQUATIONS OF PLANES Example 10
8
0.53
230