MOM Chapter 09 New-Edited

Chapter Objectives
 Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

stress components
 Determine principal stresses and maximum in-plane
shear stress
 Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in 2D
and 3D cases
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. General equations of plane-stress transformation
4. Principal stresses and maximum in-plane shear stress
5. Mohr’s circle for plane stress
6. Absolute maximum shear stress
7. Concept Quiz

READING QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is incorrect?
a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

normal stress at the point
b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal

stresses, no shear stress will act on the element
c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

in-plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element
d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

stress usually associated with the average normal stress.

APPLICATIONS

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at
the point.
• Sign Convention:
– Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
– Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Sign convention (continued)
• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule
• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive
x’-axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

• Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) sin θ – (σx ∆A cos θ) cos θ = 0
σx’ = σx cos2 θ + σy sin2 θ + τxy (2 sin θ cos θ)
+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) cos θ + (σx ∆A cos θ) sin θ = 0
τx’y’ = (σy – σx) sin θ cos θ + τxy (cos2 θ – sin2 θ)
σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
σx + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2
σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

VARIABLE SOLUTIONS
Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions

EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the
airplane fuselage is represented on the element oriented as
shown in Fig. 9–4a. Represent the state of stress at the point
on an element that is oriented 30° clockwise from the
position shown.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The element is sectioned by the line a-a.
• The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x’ and y’ direction,
  Fx '  0;  x ' A  50A cos 30 cos 30  25A cos 30sin 30
 80A sin 30sin 30  25A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x '  4.15 MPa (Ans)
  Fy '  0;  x'y' A  50A cos 30sin 30  25A cos 30 cos 30
 80A sin 30 cos 30  25A sin 30sin 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane
b–b.
  Fx '  0;  x ' A  25A cos 30sin 30  80A cos 30 cos 30
 25A cos 30 cos 30  50A sin 30sin 30  0
 x '  25.8 MPa (Ans)
  Fy '  0; -  x'y' A  25A cos 30 cos 30  80A cos 30sin 30
 25A sin 30sin 30  50A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)
The state of stress at the point can be

represented by choosing an element
oriented.

EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
element shown in Fig. 9–7a. Determine the state of stress at
the point on another element oriented 30° clockwise from
the position shown.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have,
 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   30
To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2  25.8 MPa (Ans)
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,
 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   60
 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2  4.15 MPa (Ans)
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2
The results are shown on the element as shown.

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The principal stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.
d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp

 xy
tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2
 x  y   x  y 
2
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
 xy
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp; i.e tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2
 x  y   x  y 
2
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The state of stress can also be represented in terms of
the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an
average stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y '  x  y
 2 cos    xy 2 sin 2   0
d 2
   y / 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θs; i.e tan 2 s 
x
•
 xy
  x  y 
2
 max in-plane      xy2

 2 
• And there is a normal stress on the
plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
 x  y
 avg 
2
EXAMPLE 3
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–
13a, it produces a state of pure shear stress in the material.
Determine (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and (b) the principal
stress.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
From the sign convention we have,  x  0 y 0  xy  
a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is
   y   x  y
2
 max in-plane   x    xy 2    avg   0 (Ans)

 2  2
b) For principal stress,

 xy
tan 2 p    p 2  45,  p1  135
 x   y / 2
 x  y   x  y 
2
 1, 2       xy 2   (Ans)
2  2 

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
If we use  p  45
2
 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 0  0    sin 90  
Thus,  2   acts at  p  45as shown in Fig. 9–13b, and 1   acts on the

2
other face  p  45

1

EXAMPLE 4
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–14a,
it produces a tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the
principal stress and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress
and associated average normal stress.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
From the established sign convention,
x  0 y 0  xy  0
Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,
1   2  0 (Ans)

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
  x   y  / 2    0  / 2
tan 2 s   ; s1  45,  s2  45
 xy 0
  x  y 
2
 0  
2
 max in plane      xy2   x   0    (Ans)

2
 2   2  2
 x  y   0 
 avg    (Ans)
2 2 2
To determine the proper orientation

of the element,
 x  y  0 
 x' y '   sin 2   xy cos 2   sin 90  0  
2 2 2

MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS
• A geometrical representation of equations 9.1 and 9.2;
i.e.
  x  y    x  y 
 x '       cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
   y 
 x ' y '   x  sin 2   xy sin 2
 2 
• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right, and τ is positive downward.

EXAMPLE 5
Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the
solid shaft in Fig. 9–18a is subjected to the state of stress
shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point.

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Construction of the Circle
From Fig. 9–18a,
σ x  12 MPa, σ y  0, τ xy  6 MPa
The center of the circle is at
 12  0
 avg   6 MPa
2
The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9–
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of
R 12  62  62  8.49 MPa

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.
We have  1   2 ,
 1  8.49  6  2.49 MPa (Ans)
 2  6  8.49  14.5 MPa (Ans)
The orientation of the element can be

determined by calculating the angle
6
2 p2  tan1
 45.0
12  6
 p2  22.5

EXAMPLE 6
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 9–19a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress
at this point.

EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
We first construct of the circle,
 x  20,  y  90 and  xy  60
The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 20  90
 avg   35 MPa
2
From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have
R  602  552  81.4 MPa

EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.
Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are

 max in-plane  81.4 MPa ,  avg  35 MPa (Ans)
The counter-clockwise angle is
 20  35 
2 s1  tan 1    21.3 (Ans)
 60 

EXAMPLE 7
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 9–20a. Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30°counterclockwise from the position shown.

EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
We first construct of the circle,
 x  8,  y  12 and  xy  6
The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 8  12
 avg   2 MPa
2
From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have
R  102  62  11.66

EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Stresses on 30° Element
From the geometry of the circle,
6
  tan 1
 30.96   60  30.96  29.04
10
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  8.20 MPa (Ans)
 x ' y '  11.66 cos 29.04  5.66 MPa (Ans)
The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element,

which is 60° clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 9–20c, are represented
by the coordinates of point Q on the circle.
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  12.22 MPa (Ans)

 x' y'  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (check) (Ans)

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
 max   min
 abs max 
2
 max   min
 avg 
2

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)

EXAMPLE 8
The point on the surface of the cylindrical pressure vessel in
Fig. 9–24a is subjected to the state of plane stress.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress at this point.

EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solutions
An orientation of an element 45° within this plane yields the state of absolute
maximum shear stress and the associated average normal stress, namely,
 abs max  16 MPa ,  avg  16 MPa (Ans)
Same result for can be obtained from direct application of
1 32
 abs max    16 MPa
2 2
32  0
 avg   16 MPa (Ans)
2

EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solutions
By comparison, the maximum in-plane shear stress can be determined from
the Mohr’s circle,
32  16
 abs max   8 MPa
2
32  16
 avg   24 MPa (Ans)
2

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is untrue?
a) In 2-D state of stress, the orientation of the element representing

the maximum in-plane shear stress can be obtained by rotating
the element 45° from the element representing the principle
stresses.
b) In 3-D state of stress, the orientation of the element representing
the absolute maximum shear stress can be obtained by rotating
the element 45° about the axis defining the direction of σint.
c) If the in-plane principal stresses are of opposite sign, then the
absolute maximum shear stress equals the maximum in-plane
stress, that is, τabs max = (σmax – σmin)/2
d) Same as (c) but the principal stresses are of the same sign.

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Chapter Objectives

 Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) Which of the following statement is incorrect?

a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal

c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The state of stress at the point can be

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   30

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

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 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   60

The results are shown on the element as shown.

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Solving this equation leads to θ = θp

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 max in-plane      xy2

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a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is

 max in-plane   x    xy 2    avg   0 (Ans)

b) For principal stress,

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Thus,  2   acts at  p  45as shown in Fig. 9–13b, and 1   acts on the

other face  p  45

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 max in plane      xy2   x   0    (Ans)

To determine the proper orientation

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

σ x  12 MPa, σ y  0, τ xy  6 MPa

The center of the circle is at

R 12  62  62  8.49 MPa

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The orientation of the element can be

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

We first construct of the circle,

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have

R  602  552  81.4 MPa

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are