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Lecture 7
Lecture 7
A plate-and-frame
liquid-to-liquid heat
exchanger.
Q U A T ..............(1)
where
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient,
A is the heat transfer area, and
T is the temperature difference.
Calculation of the value of U is a key requirement in
any design problem in which heating or cooling is
involved.
11/30/2018 PE 311 Lecture Series 21
Heat Transfer Calculation
If heat is transmitted through a number of media in
series, the overall heat transfer coefficient is broken
into individual coefficients
Suppose heat is being transferred through three
media, each of area A, the individual coefficients
being 1, 2, and 3 and the corresponding
temperature changes are T1, T2 and T3.
Q1 1 A T1
Q A T
2 2 2 .......................( 2)
Q3 3 A T3
11/30/2018 PE 311 Lecture Series 22
Heat Transfer Calculation
But Q Q Q
Q
1 2 3
Q1 1 A1 T1
Q A T
2 2 2 2 .......................(6)
Q3 3 A3 T3
11/30/2018 PE 311 Lecture Series 26
Heat Transfer Calculation
Since
Q1 Q 2 Q 3 Q
Then
Q U1 A1 T ..............(8)
1 1 A1 1 A1 1
.........(9)
U1 1 A2 2 A3 3
When
The fouling factor increases with the operating temperature and the length of
service and decreases with the velocity of the fluids.
C
Tc Tc ,1 Tc A dL......(14)
M
dQ U Th , 2
c p ,c
M h C p ,h
11/30/2018 PE 311 Lecture Series 45
Mean Temperature Difference
• Equating Equation (14) with (11b) gives
M c C p ,c
dQ U Th , 2 Tc Tc ,1 Tc A dL M c C p ,c dTc ...(15)
M h C p ,h
M c C p ,c
Th, 2 Th,1 Tc , 2 Tc ,1 ..........(17)
M C h p ,h
M c C p , c Th,1 Th, 2
M h C p , h Tc , 2 Tc ,1
11/30/2018 PE 311 Lecture Series 48
Mean Temperature Difference
Proposed Substitution in Equation (18) gives
UA Tc , 2 Tc ,1 Th ,1 Tc , 2
ln
M c C p ,c Th ,1 Tc , 2 Th , 2 Tc ,1 Th , 2 Tc ,1
(Th,1-Tc,2)=∆Th
(Th,2-Tc,1)= ∆Tc
11/30/2018 PE 311 Lecture Series 50
Mean Temperature Difference
The expression in the square bracket in
Equation (19) is the Logarithmic Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD).
This expression is shortened into
Th Tc
LMTD .............(20)
Th
ln
Tc
Q U A LMTD U A Tlm .........(21)
Where Th= temperature difference at the hot
terminal and Tc= temperature difference at the
cold terminal
PE 311 Lecture Series 51
Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:
Use of a Correction Factor