Introduction to

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

SHIBU K V

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Course Objectives

 Recognize the major components that constitute an embedded

system

 Apply small programs to solve well-defined problems on an

embedded platform

 Practice familiarity with tools used to develop in an embedded

environment

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Course Outcomes
 Classify the differences between the general computing system and the
embedded system

 Become familiar with programming environment used to develop

embedded systems and also recognizes the key concepts of embedded
systems like IO, timers, interrupts, interaction with peripheral devices

 Practice to do hardware/software co-design for embedded systems

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 4 Agenda
1. What is an Embedded Systems 4

2. Embedded Systems vs. General Computing Systems 4

3. History of Embedded Systems 5

4. Classification of Embedded Systems 6

5. Major Application Areas of Embedded Systems 7

6. Purpose of Embedded Systems

7. ‘Smart’ Running Shoes from Adida_The Innovative Bonding of

Lifestyle with Embedded Technology 11

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 5 Chapter 1 : Learning Objectives
 Learn what an Embedded System is

 Learn the difference between Embedded Systems and General Computing

Systems

 Know the history of Embedded Systems

 Learn the classification of Embedded Systems based on performance,
complexity and the era in which they evolved

 Know the domains and areas of applications of Embedded Systems

 Understand the different purposes of Embedded Systems

 Analysis of a real life example on the bonding of embedded technology
with human life

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 1.1 What is an Embedded System?
6

 An ES is an electronic/electro-mechanical
system designed to perform a specific
function

 And a combination of both hardware and

output analog
firmware (software)
 Every ES is Unique and hardware as well as CPU
input analog

the firmware is highly specialized to the

embedded mem
application domain
System
 ES are becoming an inevitable part of any
product or equipment in all fields including
household appliances, telecommunications,
medical equipment, industrial control,
consumer products, etc.
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 1.2 Comparison of ES & General Purpose Computing System
7
Criteria General Purpose Computer Embedded System
Contents A system which is a combination A system which is a combination of
of a generic hardware and a special purpose hardware and
General Purpose Operating System embedded OS/firmware for executing a
for executing a variety of specific set of applications
applications.
OS It contains a general purpose It may or not contain an operating
operating system (GPOS). system for functioning.
Alterations Applications are alterable by the Applications are not-alterable by the
user. user.
Key factor Performance is key factor. Application specific requirements are
key factors.
Power More Less
Consumption
Response Time Not critical Critical for some applications
Execution Need not be deterministic Deterministic for certain types of ES
12/2/2018 like ‘Hard Real Time’ systems.
Major
8

Applications
Areas

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 1.5 Major Application Areas ofES
9 The application areas and the products in the embedded
domain are countless.
1. Consumer electronics: Camcorders, cameras, etc.
2. Household appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine,
fridge, microwave oven, etc.
3. Home automation and security systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers,
intruder detection alarms, closed circuit television cameras, fire
alarms, etc.
4. Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), engine
control, ignition systems, automatic navigation systems, etc.
5. Telecom: Cellular telephones, telephone switches, handset
multimedia applications, etc.

12/2/2018 Mandalay Technological University

Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
 10 Cont’d
6. Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc.
7. Computer Networking systems: Network routers, switches, hubs,
firewalls, etc.
8. Healthcare: Different kinds of scanners, EEG, ECG machines etc.
9. Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters, digital CROs,
logic analyzers PLC systems, etc.
10. Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines (ATM) and currency
counters, point of sales (POS).
11. Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices, etc.

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 11

Logic analyzers PLC systems

Point of Sales (POS)

12/2/2018 Hand Held Devices
Back
 1.6 Purpose of ES
12

 Each embedded system is designed to serve the purpose of any one or a

combination of the following tasks:
1. Data collection/Storage/Representation
2. Data Communication
3. Data (signal) processing
4. Monitoring
5. Control
6. Application specific user interface

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 Cont’d
13 1. Data Collection/Storage/Representation
 Embedded systems designed for the purpose of data collection performs
acquisition of data from the external world.
 Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis, manipulation and
transmission.
 Data can be either analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
 Embedded systems with analog data capturing techniques collect data
directly in the form of analog signal whereas embedded systems with
digital data collection mechanism converts the analog signal to the digital
signal using analog to digital (A/D) converters and then collects the
binary equivalent of the analog data.
 If the data is digital, it can be directly captured without any additional
interface by digital embedded systems.
 A digital camera is a typical example of an embedded system with data
collection/storage/representation of data.
 Images are captured and the captured image may be stored within the
memory of the camera. The captured image can also be presented to the
12/2/2018 user through a graphic LCD unit.
 14 Cont’d

2. Data Communication
 Embedded data communication systems are deployed in
applications from complex satellite communication systems to
simple home networking systems.
 The transmission is achieved either by a wire-line medium or by a
wire-less medium.
 Data can either be transmitted by analog means or by digital means.

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Cont’d
15

 The data collecting embedded terminal itself can incorporate data

communication units like Wireless modules (Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-
Fi, EDGE, GPRS, etc.) or wire-line modules (RS-232C, USB, TCP/IP,
PS2,etc).
 Network hubs, routers, switches, etc. are typical examples of
dedicated data transmission embedded systems.

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Cont’d
16

3. Data (Signal) Processing

 Embedded systems with
signal processing functionalities are employed in applications demanding
signal processing like speech coding, synthesis, audio video codec,
transmission applications, etc.
 A digital hearing aid is a typical example of an embedded system
employing data processing.
 Digital hearing aid improves the hearing capacity of hearing
impaired persons.

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 Cont’d
17

4. Monitoring
 Almost all embedded products coming under the medical domain
are with monitoring functions only.
 Electro cardiogram machine (ECG) is intended to do the monitoring
of the heartbeat of a patient but it cannot impose control over the
heartbeat.
 Other examples with monitoring function are digital CRO, digital
multimeters, and logic analyzers.

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 18 Cont’d

5. Control
 A system with control functionality contains both sensors and
actuators.
 Sensors are connected to the input port for capturing the changes in
environmental variable or measuring variable.
 The actuators connected to the output port are controlled according
to the changes in the input variable.
 Air conditioner system used in our home to control the room
temperature to a specified limit is a typical example for ES for
CONTROL purpose.

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 19 Cont’d

6. Applications specific user interface

 Buttons, switches, keypad, lights, speakers, display units, etc. are
application-specific user interfaces.
 Mobile phone is an example of application specific user interface.
 In mobile phone the user interface is provided through the keypad,
graphic LCD module, system speaker, vibration alert, etc.

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 20 Understanding Test Questions I

1. Embedded systems are

(a) General purpose (b) Special purpose
2. Embedded system is
(a) An electronic system (b) A pure mechanicalsystem
(c ) An electro-mechanical system (d) (a) or ( c )
3. Which of the following is not true about embedded systems?
(a) Built around specialized hardware
(b) Always contain an operating system
(c ) Execution behavior may be deterministic
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
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 21 Cont’d

4. Which of the following is (are) an intended purpose(s) of

embedded systems?
(a) Data collection (b) Data processing (c ) Data communication
(d) All of these (e) None of these
5. Which of the following is an (are) example(s) of embedded system
for data communication?
(a) USB Mass storage device (b) Network router
(c ) Digital camera (d) Music player
(e) All of these (f) None of these
6. A digital multi meter is an example of an embedded systemfor
(a) Data communication (b) Monitoring
(c) Control (d) All of these
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(e) None of these
 22 Review Questions I

1. What is an embedded system? Explain the different

applications of embedded systems.

2. Explain the various purposes of embedded systems in

detail with illustrative examples.

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 23 Assignment I

Define Embedded System with the help of

Group 1: Traffic Light
Group 2: Digital Hearing Aid
Group 3: Bluetooth Controlled Car
Group 4: Obstacle Avoiding Car
Group 5: Intruder DetectionAlarm
Group 6: Sprinklers
As an example.

Deadline : 19.12.17 (Coming Tuesday)

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CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

UNIT II
Reference: Introduction to Embedded Systems- Shibu KV
Characteristics of an ES

1. Application & Domain specific

2. Reactive & Real time
3. Operates in harsh environments
4. Distributed
5. Small size & weight
6. Power concerns
 Quality Attributes

1. Operational Quality attributes

2. Non-operational Quality attributes
 Operational Attributes

i. Response
ii. Throughput
iii. Reliability
iv. Maintainability
v. Security
vi. Safety
 Non-Operational Attributes

i. Testability & Debug-ability

ii. Evolvability
iii. Portability
iv. Time to prototype & market
v. Per unit & per cost
APPLICATION SPECIFIC :WASHING MACHINE

ACTUATORS: agitator, tumble

tub, water drawing pump, inlet
valve etc.
SENSOR PART: water
temperature sensor, level sensor
CONTROL UNIT: micro
processor/controller based board
(includes User Interface)
 Working of the Washing Machine:

Types:
1. Top loading
2. Front loading
 WASH PHASE
In top loading the agitator of the machine twists back & forth
Pulls the cloth to the bottom of the tub & upon reaching the
clothes work their way up.
In front loading , the clothes are tumbled and plunged into the
water over and over again.
SPIN PHASE
Water is pumped out of the tub and the inner tub uses centrifugal force to
wring out more water from the clothes
The spinning at several hundred Rotations Per Minute(RPM).
AUTOMOTIVE- DOMAIN SPECIFIC ES.
 INNER WORKINGS OF AUTOMOTIVE ES

Automotive ES takes control of the mechanical parts/systems

It varies from mirror & wiper controls to antilock brake
systems(ABS) to air bag controller system.
They are built around a micro controller or DSPs or hybrid of
both of them, known as ECU(electronic control unit)
Their can be any number of embedded controllers in a vehicle
 Types of ECU.
HIGH SPEED ECU:
Are deployed in critical control units that require fast response.
They include fuel injection systems , ABS, engine control ,
steering control.
LOW SPEED ECU:
Response is not time critical
Uses low cost micro controller or DSP.
For passenger and door locks , door glass controls, lamp
controls etc.
 AUTOMOTIVE COMMUNICATION BUSES

CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK( CAN)

Event driven protocol
Provides medium and high speed data transfer.
Supports error handling in data transmission.
Generally used in safety system like airbag control, ABS and
navigation system like GPS.
LOCAL INTERCONNECT NETWORK (LIN):
Single master , multiple slaves communication network.
Low speed ,single wire communication interface
Used for sensor/actuator interfacing
Eg. Mirror controls , fan controls, seat positioning controls etc
MEDIA-ORIENTED SYSTEM TRANSPORT( MOST) BUS:
Is for automotive audio/video equipment interfacing
Is a multimedia fibre-optic point-to-point network
Its implemented in star/ring topology
It transports audio, video, voice and data signals.
MOST technology is used in almost every car brand worldwide,
including Audi, BMW, Hyundai, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mercedes-
Benz, Porsche, Toyota, Volkswagen and Volvo.
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 The Internet of Things Industry

While today there are just 300,000

developers contributing to the IoT, a new
report from VisionMobile projects a
whopping 4.5 million developers by 2020,
reflecting a 57% compound annual
growth rate and a massive market
opportunity.

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