PRECLINICAL – ANIMAL

STUDY

Enny Rohmawaty
Department Pharmacology and Therapy
Faculty of Medicine-UNPAD
Preclinical study/preclinical trial
 Preclinical trial - a laboratory test of a new drug
or a new medical device, usually done on animal
subjects, to see if the hoped-for treatment really
works and if it is safe to test on humans.
• Pre-Clinical Trials and Clinical Trials are the
processes by which scientists test drugs and
devices to see if they are SAFE and EFFECTIVE.
 Experimental study
 In vitro and in vivo
 Animal models

Pharmacodynamic study
Toxicological study
• PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDIES

Effects / Efficacy
Mechanism of action

• TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES

Safety
Spectrum
Pharmacodynamic study
 In vitro: tissue, cell culture, blood component, etc
 In vivo : whole animal
 Disease model : inflammatory, dislipidemi, sepsis,
Ca/ malignancy, etc
 Source of methode (literature) : Guidelines, journal
Methodology of pharmacodynamic
study
 ANIMALS :
 Rodent or non-rodent (may depend on desired effect)
 Healthy or diseased-animal model

 Sex : male and/or female

 Number : adequate for statistical analysis

Sample size determination:
 Studies Comparing Two Group Means
To compute sample size for continuous variables, it is necessary to
obtain an estimate of the population standard deviation of the
variable (s) and the magnitude of the difference (d) the investigator
wishes to detect, often called the effect.
Sample size is given by

where s is the standard deviation, d is the difference to be detected,

and C is a constant dependent on the value of and selected. C can
be determined from the table above, which gives values for C for
two levels of and . Note that for 0.05 and 1- 0.9, C is 10.51 and
2C would be 21
Ralph B. Dell, Steve Holleran, R Ramakhakrishnan, Sample sice determination, 2002
 Paired Studies
Paired studies compare values before and after an
intervention in the same animal. In this case, data
are analyzed by a paired t test, and the sample
size is computed by

Ralph B. Dell, Steve Holleran, R Ramakhakrishnan, Sample sice determination, 2002

 If the s, d and C cannot be determined  Federer’s
Formula
 (t-1) (n-1) ≥ 15
t = number of treatment
n = number of sample

Federer WT. Experimental design, theory and application, 1967.

Data analysis
 Program : SPSS
 Normality and homogeneity test
 Quantitative and Qualitative test
 Post hoc analysis
 Route of administration :
 Per Oral- similar to human use
 Dose :
 Based on Dose-Response Relationship
 One or more doses that provide a desired effect
 Dose conversion from human to animal may be used
 Calculation of ED50
 Control group :
 Negative control
 Solvent / vehicle group
 Positive control
 Standard drug group
 To validate that a method works
 To obtain Relative Potency of drug candidate or herbal medicines
Toxicological studies
 IN VIVO TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
 A. GENERAL TESTS
 SHORT TERM
 Acute Toxicity Test (LD50)
 LONG TERM:
 Sub Acute Test
 Sub Chronic Test
 Chronic Test
 B. LOCAL TOXICITY TEST
 Dermatological Preparation
 C. SPECIAL TOXICITY TESTS
 Mutagenicity Test
 Carcinogenicity Test
 Reproductive and Development Toxicity Test
Animal models

 Animal models are, at the best, analogous to

human condition but no theory can be provided
or refused by analogy. The truth is the evidence
in animals can be a powerful device in support of
virtually theory.
Basic Reason Using Animals For Research

 Why are animals necessary in research?

1. Diseases process in human and animals have
similarities
2. Cell systems contain or manipulate only a part of
the organ system.
3. Computer models lack the complexities of living
entity .
WMA DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
(Tokyo 2004)

BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR ALL MEDICAL RESEARCH

- Medical research involving human subjects must
conform to generally accepted scientific principles,
be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific
literature, other relevant sources of information, and
on adequate laboratory and, where appropriate,
animal experimentation.
- Appropriate caution must be exercised in the conduct
of research which may effect the environment, and
the welfare of animals used for research must be
respected
3R principles (Russell dan Burch, 1959)

R eplacement • Alternatifve methode

• lower class of animal model

R eduction
• correct model
• genetic homogenity
• use healthy animal

R efinement
• caring
• treatment
• non-invasive methode
• pain, stress, distress minimization
Five Freedoms = Animal welfare

“The council believes that the welfare of an animal ...

should be considered with reference to ‘Five
Freedoms’.
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
(Farm Animal Welfare Council UK, 1993)
 Group housing when
ever possible

Enrichment devices for Nesting materials

rodents: Igloo, nest etc.

Human interactions

Enrichment Devices
for NHP
Natural Behavior of burrowing & hiding