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Transmission of Electric Energy
Transmission of Electric Energy
Transmission of Electric Energy
Delft
University of
Technology
• Not ideal
• Permeability is not infinity
• Finite self inductance
• Leakage flux
• Winding losses (copper losses)
• Core losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy-current losses
Copper losses
Leakage reactance
• Material
• Al
• Cu
• Counter measures
• Unbalanced system
• Solution: transposition
E H S S
H E
S
V E H S
S
E H
E H S S
• L: H-field
• C: E-field
• R: Ohmic losses
• G: Insulator and corona losses
L R
G C
• Line, 150 kV
• R = 0.125 /km
• XL = 0.425 /km
• C = 7.7 nF/km
• Sth = 130 MVA
• Cable, 150 kV
• R = 0.12 /km
• XL = 0.166 /km
• C = 210 nF/km
• Sth = 135 MVA
• Line, 132 kV
• R = 0.178
• XL = j0.40
• XC = -j350 k
• I = 450 A
• Cable, 400 kV
• R = 9 m
• L = 0.4 mH
• C = 0.38 µF
• I = 1.9 kA
• Medium IS
Z
IR
(80 km..240 km)
VS Y/2 Y/2 VR
• Long IS IR
(>240 km) /km
VS H/km VR
F/km
VS VR
Vs Vs jIrX
Vs jIrX
Ir
jIrX
Vr Ir Vr Vr IrR
IrR IrR
Ir
• Z = R + jX
= R + j (L - 1/C)
x
VS VR
• Medium
IS Z IR
VS Y/2 Y/ VR
2
• Long
IS Z' IR
VS Y'/ Y'/ VR
2 2