Heart Embryogenesis

Morula -> Blastula -> Gastrula (Ectoderm, Mesoderm,

dan Endoderm)

On the day 17, cardiac progenitor cells which originate from the ectoderm migrate to the
mesoderm splancnic layer of the lateral plate and form a group of cells called the primary heart field
(PHF, Primary Heart Field). PHF will be specified to form the atrium, left ventricle, and part of the
right ventricle. Then, on the medial and caudal heart fields, a secondary heart field (SHF, Secondary
Heart Field) appears. SHF will be specified to form part of the right ventricle, cone cord and trunkus
arteriosus.
 On the 18th day, endocardium tubes and dorsal aorta which
formed from the mesoderm splancnic layer on both sides. As the
body folds, the endocardium tube will be merged on the 22nd day,
as well as the dorsal aorta.
The heart tube is divided into several parts, starting from the
bottom, there are venous sinuses, atria, ventricles, bulb cordis,
truncus arteriosus. At this time, the heart has started beating.
 Around the 23rd day, the heart tube begins to fold toward the ventral,
caudal, and right direction. The atrium will shift to the dorsocranial and to
the left. This folding will end on the 28th day.

When the heart has stopped folding (day 30), bloods have already
been able to enter through the atrium, and into the primitive left ventricle,
then through the interventricular foramen toward the primitive right
ventricle. then to the conus cord and end the truncus arteriosus. In the
interventricular foramen, the interventricular septum will close the field.
Among the 2 atria, the primum septum will appear, then followed by
secundum septum. Then, they will form the foramen ovale.
 At the end of the 4th week, atrioventricular endocardium cushion in the
anterior and posterior sections will be formed. Approaching the 5th week, the
endocardium cushion on both sides widen and then merged at the end of the 5th
week so that they form the right and left atrioventricular canals.
Once formed, at the edge of the atrioventricular canal, mesenchymal tissue will
be formed around it. Strong blood flow can damage and thin the ventricular wall. As a
result, the tissue in the ventricular wall will degenerate and be replaced by solid
connective tissue originating from the mesenchymal tissue. Papillary muscle will
appear on the wall and then bind to valves that originate from dense connective tissue
through the cord tendone. Finally, it will form into the tricuspid and bicuspid valve.
 Around week 5, along with the closure of the interventriculare
foramen, the right and left connotrunkal ridges formed, which can
separate the aortic and pulmonary blood flow. At the same time, the
trunkus arteriosus which initially fused will be separated (the aorta and
pulmonary tract) at the end of week 7.

Valves that are in the trunkus arteriosus will grow peaking so

that a basin will form at the edge and later formed a semilunar valve.
This valve is very functional, especially when the blood flow is pumped
out (upwards) so that later it will not re-enter the heart