LECTURE 2: MAP

PROJECTION
ENGR. GRETCHEN NANETH G. PLAZA,GE
INSTRUCTOR
OUTLINE
• CYLINDRICAL MAP
- Mercator projection
- Transverse mercator projection
- Universal transverse mercator projection
- Oblique Mercator
- Cylindrical Equal Area
- Miller Cylindrical
- Equidistant Cylindrical
- Cassini Projection
MERCATOR PROJECTION
 Summary:
 Cylindrical
 Conformal
 Meridians are equally spaced straight lines
 Parallels are unequally spaced straight lines, closest near the Equator,
cutting meridians at right angles
 Scale is true along the Equator, or along two parallel equidistant from
the Equator
 Loxodromes (Rhumb line ) are straight line
 Not perspective
 Poles are at infinity; great distortion of area in polar regions
 Used for navigation
 Presented by Mercator in 1596
MERCATOR PROJECTION
 History:
 Mercator Projection was the first projection used by Erhard Etzlaub
(1462-1532) of Nuremberg on a small map.
 Gerard Mercator (1512-94) independently developed it and presented it
in 1569 on a large world map of 21 sections.
 Mercator was probably originally named Gerard Cremer, but he always
used the latinized form.
 He better known of his skills in map and globe making, for being the
first to used the term “atlas” to describe the collection of map in a
volume.
 His 1569 map is entitled “a new and enlarged description of the Earth
with corrections for use in navigation”.
MERCATOR PROJECTION
• Several authors are associated with the development of Mercator
projection:
• German Erhard Etzlaub (c. 1460–1532), who had engraved miniature
"compass maps" (about 10×8 cm) of Europe and parts of Africa, latitudes
67°–0°, to allow adjustment of his portable pocket-size sundials, was for
decades declared to have designed "a projection identical to Mercator's".
• Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes (1502–
1578), who first described the loxodrome and its use in marine
navigation, and suggested the construction of a nautical atlas composed
of several large-scale sheets in the cylindrical equidistant projection as a
way to minimize distortion of directions. If these sheets were brought to
the same scale and assembled an approximation of the Mercator
projection would be obtained (1537).
• English mathematician Edward Wright (c. 1558–1615), who published
accurate tables for its construction (1599, 1610).
• English mathematicians Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) and Henry Bond
(c.1600–1678) who, independently (c.1600 and 1645), associated the
Mercator projection with its modern logarithmic formula, later deduced by
calculus.
MERCATOR PROJECTION
MERCATOR PROJECTION
MERCATOR PROJECTION
 Features and Usage:
 The meridians of longitude of the Mercator Projection are vertical
parallel equally spaced lines, cut at right angles by horizontal straight
parallels which are increasingly spaced toward each pole so that
conformality exists.
 Mercator Projection is fundamental in the development of Map
Projection, especially those which are conformal.
 The first detailed map of an entire planet other than the earth was
issued in 1972 at a scale of 1:25,000.
 This projection has been used to map equitorial portions, but coverage
extended in some early cases to lats. 65 degrees N and S.
MERCATOR PROJECTION
 Formula of Sphere:
MERCATOR PROJECTION
 Measurement of Rhumb lines:
 A straight line on the Mercator map at angle α to the meridians is
a rhumb line
 Since a major features of the Mercator projection is the straight
portrayal of rhumb lines, formulas are given below to determine their
true lengths and azimuth.
MERCATOR PROJECTION
 The given formulas of rhumb line are based on making
the Equator of the Earth true to scale on the map. Thus,
this equator may be called the standard parallel.
 Such projection is most commonly used for a
navigational map of part of an ocean, such as north
atlantic ocean.
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
PROJECTION
 Summary:
Cylindrical (transverse).
Conformal.
Central meridian, each meridian 90° from central meridian, and Equator
are straight lines.
Other meridians and parallels are complex curves.
Scale is true along central meridian, or along two straight lines
equidistant from and parallel to central meridian. (These lines are only
approximately straight for the ellipsoid.)
Scale becomes infinite on sphere 90° from central meridian.
Used extensively for quadrangle maps at scales from 1:24,000 to
1:250,000.
Presented by Lambert in 1772.
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
PROJECTION
 History:
Since the regular Mercator projection has little error close to the Equator
(the scale 10° away is only 1.5 percent larger than the scale at the
Equator), it has been found very useful in the transverse form, with the
equator of the projection rotated 90° to coincide with the desired central
meridian.
The Transverse Mercator projection in its spherical form was invented
by the prolific Alsatian mathematician and cartographer Johann Heinrich
Lambert (1728-77) (fig. 9).
It was the third of seven new projections which he described in 1772 in
his classic Beitrage (Lambert, 1772).
At the same time, he also described what are now called the Cylindrical
Equal-Area, the Lambert Conformal Conic, and the Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
PROJECTION
 Features:
 The meridians and parallels of the Transverse Mercator (fig. 10) are no
longer the straight lines they are on the regular Mercator, except for the
Earth's Equator, the central meridian, and each meridian 90° away from
the central meridian. Other meridians and parallels are complex curves.
 The spherical form is conformal, as is the parent projection, and scale
error is only a function of the distance from the central meridian, just as
it is only a function of the distance from the Equator on the regular
Mercator. The ellipsoidal form is also exactly conformal, but its scale
error is slightly affected by factors other than the distance alone from the
central meridian
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
PROJECTION
 Usage:
 The spherical form of the Transverse Mercator has been used by the USGS
only recently.
 While its use in the spherical form is limited, the ellipsoidal form of the
Transverse Mercator is probably used more than any other one projection
for geodetic mapping.
 In the United States, it is the projection used in the State Plane Coordinate
System (SPCS) for States with predominant north-south extent.
 The use of the Transverse Mercator for quadrangle maps has been recently
extended by the USGS to include the planet Mars.
 Transverse Mercator quadrangle maps fit continuously in a north-south
direction, provided they are prepared at the same scale, with the same
central meridian, and for the same ellipsoid. They do not fit exactly from east
to west, if they have their own central meridians; although quadrangles and
other maps properly constructed at the same scale, using the SPCS or UTM
projection, fit in all directions within the same zone.
Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
• The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection and
grid were adopted by the U.S. Army in 1947 for
designating rectangular coordinates on large-scale
military maps of the entire world.

• The UTM is the ellipsoidal Transverse Mercator to which

specific parameters, such as central meridians, have
been applied.
UTM/Mercator projection
 Formula of the Sphere:
UTM/Mercator projection
 The transverse Mercator map projection is an adaptation of the
standard Mercator projection. The transverse version is widely used in
national and international mapping systems around the world, including
the UTM. When paired with a suitable geodetic datum, the transverse
Mercator delivers high accuracy in zones less than a few degrees in
east-west extent.
 The standard (or Normal) Mercator and the transverse Mercator are two
different aspects of the same mathematical construction. Because of the
common foundation, the transverse Mercator inherits many traits from
the normal Mercator:
 Both projections are cylindrical: for the Normal Mercator, the axis of the cylinder
coincides with the polar axis and the line of tangency with the equator. For the
transverse Mercator, the axis of the cylinder lies in the equatorial plane, and the line
of tangency is any chosen meridian, thereby designated the central meridian.
 Both projections may be modified to secant forms, which means the scale has been
reduced so that the cylinder slices through the model globe.
 Both exist in spherical and ellipsoidal versions.
 Both projections are conformal, so that the point scale is independent of direction
and local shapes are well preserved;
 Both projections have constant scale the line of tangency (the equator for the
normal Mercator and the central meridian for the transverse).
GROUP REPORTING
G1- OBLIQUE MERCATOR PROJECTION
G2- CYLINDRICAL EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
G3- MILLER CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
G4- EQUIDISTANT CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
G5- CASSINI PROJECTION