CURRENT REGULATOR

The circuit of a transistor current regulator is shown in

figure below it is similar to series regulator except for
the addition of Rs, whose function is to sense any
current charge in the load

The purpose of a current regulator, as its name implies, is to provide constant

current regardless of charges in the input voltage or load current
Applying KVL, we have
VBE=Vz-VRS …………(1)
Suppose there is a drop in Vout the current IL (=IC) is also decreased, which in
turn causes a decrease in IE as IE=IC. One to this reason VR1 is also >> it is now
obvious from the above equation (1) that there will be an increase in VBE.
 VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS
• Voltage multipliers are primarily used to produce
high voltages where low current is required. The
most common applications of such circuits is for
accelerating purposes in the anode of the cathode
ray-tube (CRT) which are used for RADAR scope
presentations, oscilloscope presentations, or TV
PICTURE tubes.
• Voltage multipliers may be classified as voltage
DOUBLERS, TRIPLERS, OR QUADRUPLERS,
depending on the ratio of the output voltage to
the input voltage.
 HALF-WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
• The schematic for a half –ware doubler is shown in fig. below it is
made up of two half-wave rectifiers

Fig. half wave voltage doubler

• During the +ve half –cycle B1 conducts (forward biased) charging
c1 to Vp with polarity indicated. C2 is charged during the negative
half-cycle with the polarity shown now startin form the bottom of
transformer secondary in clock wise direction and applying KVL to
the outer 100 p , we have
• VP-VP+VC2=0
• VC2=ZVP
•
The circuit of full-wave voltage doubler is
shown in fig below

Fig. full- wave voltage doubler

 VOLTAGE TRIPLER
• This is formed by connecting one more half-wave
rectifier to a voltage doubler, as shown below

Fig. voltage Tripler ckts

During the first positive half-cycle, the diode D1 conducts charging C1 to Vp with
polarity shown in the 1st –ve half cycle, the diode D2conductis so that C2gets charged
to twice Vp (2vp) in the 2nd +ve half cycle, the diodes D1 & D3 are forward –biased
charging C1 to Vp and C3 to 2vp i.e.) Vc3=Vp+Vc1 =Vp+2Vp-vp =2Vp, the polarities of
C1 and C3 being the same the out put with them be the sum of VC1& VC3, which is
3vp.
 VOLTAGE QUADRUPLER
• Figure below shows the circuit which develop four
times the peak input voltage, it has four sections in
cascade (one after the other)

The first capacitor C1 charges to Vp all others charge to twice Vp . the quadrupler out put is
across the series connection of C2 and C4. Now if the load is connected across the quadrupler
output, we can get an out put equal to 4Vp.
In summary, we can add sections indefinitely to multiply the (magnitude) voltage, but the ripple
gets much worse with each new section. Increased ripple is another reason why voltage
multipliers are not used in low –voltage power supplies hence they are natural choice for high-
voltage and low- current devices like the CRT used in TV receivers, oscilloscopes. And computer
monitors.
 TROUBLE SHOOTING POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS
• TROUBLE SHOOTING:- is a method of detecting and repairing problems in
electronic equipment the process involves the following steps
• Observing the symptoms
• Analyzing the possible causes;
• Limiting the possibilities by tests and measurements
• GOOD trouble shutting is an orderly process the first step should therefore be
identifying the symptoms this demands having the knowledge of what the normal
performance of a piece of equipment is in order to be able to identify what is
abnormal properly observing the symptoms may also require some adjustments
and checks
• THE SYMPTOM AND THE CAUSE
• Some of the symptoms that can be observed in a regulated power supply include
• No output voltage
• Low output voltage
• High output voltage
• Excessive ripple or noise
• Poor regulation and /or instability
• High temperature & possibly a burning odor
• A clicking and /or squealing sound